Recyclable catalysts for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using carbon materials

Abstract

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions play a major role in the industry to produce a number of compounds that are essential in our daily life. Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using heterogeneous catalysis is one of the rapidly growing research areas. Inherent ability to produce high selectivity and potentiality to recycle, the catalyst makes the heterogeneous systems more attractive, especially on the industrial scale. Various recyclable catalytic systems have been extensively developed for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds via dehydration, partial oxidations, three‐component couplings, dehydrogenations, and others. Different supports like polymers, metal oxides, and quite recently carbon supports like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), graphitic nitride (GCN), and nitrogenous carbon materials (NGr) have been widely used to synthesize diverse heterocycles. The use of GO in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds has been reviewed recently, hence we did not focus on GO in this review. The aim of this review article is to explore the emerging areas of carbon‐based heterogeneous materials such as CNTs, GCN, and NGr in the synthesis of heterocycles. This review also focused on the most recent examples, their preparation, and recycling studies of highly excited catalytic systems used for the heterocycles.

Carbon Nanoparticles Entrappedtriclinic Iron Vanadate: A Promising Material for the Synthesis of Diformylfuran.

“…This result indicates that after insertion of CNPs on iron vanadate, basicity might have changed and thus itself promoting the oxidation reaction even in the absence of a base. The CNPs might have increased the efficiency of converting Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ and vice versa of redox process in a short period of time in the presence of oxidant [38] . The same reactivity and selectivity has been maintained using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant clearly indicates that Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ redox reaction is most likely plays a major role (Table 2, Entry 4).…”

“…The CNPs might have increased the efficiency of converting Fe 2 + to Fe 3 + and vice versa of redox process in a short period of time in the presence of oxidant. [38] The same reactivity and selectivity has been maintained using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant clearly indicates that Fe 2 + to Fe 3 + redox reaction is most likely plays a major role (Table 2, Entry 4). It indicates both Fe 2 + and Fe 3 + may be required for the oxidation, which is catalyzed by CNPs in the reaction.…”

A copper(ii) complex containing pyridine-2-carbaldehyde and its direct binding onto ethylenediamine functionalized with Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles for catalytic applications

“…Recently, the catalytic activity of nanocatalysts in various reactions, including the formation of new carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds, was investigated. [1][2][3] Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles have been extensively employed in the elds of catalysis. 4,5 Recently, there has been a surge in interest in utilizing magnetically responsive materials, specically Fe 3 O 4 MNPs, which are combined with nano-structured transition metal heterogeneous catalysts.…”

“…Recently, the catalytic activity of nanocatalysts in various reactions, including the formation of new carbon–heteroatom and carbon–carbon bonds, was investigated. 1–3…”

Reusable Nano Catalysed Synthesis of Heterocycles: An Overview

“…[7] Rai et al reviewed the catalytic performance of various carbonbased materials, including carbon nanotubes, graphitic carbon nitride, and N-doped graphene, which have all been widely used to synthesise various heterocycles. [8] This manuscript extensively discusses the catalysis of NPs using magnetite, functionalized magnetite NPs, transition metal oxide NPs, alkaline earth metal oxide NPs, and other miscellaneous systems utilised in the synthesis of heterocycles. In this work, we will look at some recent instances of NPs that have been used in organic transformation, such as quinoxaline, pyrazole, tetrazole, triazole, isoquinolinones, quinoline, acridine, and pyridine.…”