Recyclable, reprocessable, self-healing elastomer-like epoxy vitrimer with low dielectric permittivity and its closed-loop recyclable carbon fiber reinforced composite

Chen, Mingfeng; Luo, Wenhui; Lin, Shufeng; Zheng, Biao; Zhang, Huagui

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110666

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Observing the self-healing process of materials often involves taking optical photographs of scratch healing. ,,− Elastomeric materials, which typically exhibit high elongation at break (>100%) and low tensile strength (<10 MPa), tend to achieve nearly perfect self-healing results, with scratches becoming virtually invisible after healing. On the other hand, harder materials, characterized by lower elongation at break (<10%) and higher tensile strength (>50 MPa), usually exhibit a thin seam after scratch healing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polymers that have been studied for their self-healing properties are usually elastomers, such as polyurethanes, which have excellent self-healing properties. − The macroscopic scratch healing experiment is a conventional way to characterize self-healing properties, where the cut polymer recovers after a period of heating, − and the scratch healing experiment has been widely used to study vitrimers. ,,− However, some experiments do not achieve nearly perfect healing results as in the case of self-healing elastomers, and the vast majority of epoxy vitrimer still remains a thin seam after self-healing. ,− Therefore, the self-healing performance of the vitrimer needs to be studied more thoroughly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imine-Containing Epoxy Vitrimer Cured by Active Ester: Properties and Theoretical Analysis

Liu,

Cui

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Vitrimers are polymers possessing a covalent adaptable network (CANs) that can undergo a topological structural transformation under specific conditions, enabling material reprocessing. In this study, an active ester hardener containing imine bonds (TAI) was synthesized, and subsequently, epoxy resin with CANs (epoxy vitrimer, DGEBA/TAI) was prepared, which exhibited excellent thermal stability (initial degradation temperature of 364 °C and char yield at 800 °C of 30%), low water absorption (0.25 wt %), and good dielectric properties (dielectric constant of 3.37 and dielectric loss of 0.013). A comparative scratch healing test between the epoxy vitrimer and conventional epoxy resin showed that the hard vitrimer could not demonstrate self-healing ability and that scratch healing was derived from deformation recovery. The performance of such hard vitrimers should focus on recycling and reprocessing rather than a self-healing capability. Thus, the resin could be effectively recycled and reused by a hot pressing or solvent method, resulting in recycled resins with good tensile strength (70 MPa for hot-press welding and 58 MPa for solvent recycling) compared to the originals (69 MPa). In addition, the vitrimer materials allow shape reconfiguration through a network structure transformation, and an alternative analytical method was proposed to obtain the relaxation time of the vitrimer by fitting the equation of the stress relaxation curve, which could mitigate some of the interferences and provide a method for data reliability verification of the viscoelastic properties of the vitrimer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imine-Containing Epoxy Vitrimer Cured by Active Ester: Properties and Theoretical Analysis

Liu,

Cui

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…ETOD was synthesized according to our previous work, and the synthesis steps were as follows . First, PATS (2.84 mL, 0.01 mol) was dissolved in ethanol (100 mL) in a three-necked flask under a nitrogen atmosphere, and then, ECH (31.2 mL, 0.4 mol) was added dropwise and heated at 55 °C for 5 h. Then, the above mixture was cooled to 30 °C, 4 g of 50% sodium hydroxide solution was added to the mixture, and the reaction was continued for 2 h. After the reaction was completed, the excess ECH and solvent were removed by a rotary evaporator, and then the mixture was washed with hexane, followed by rotary evaporation to remove the solvent.…”

Section: Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon-Bridged Epoxy Vitrimers with Antibacterial and UV-Blocking Properties

Chen

Lai

Liu³

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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The development of multifunctional epoxy resins that can be degradable and reprocessed is of great significance for the conservation of non-renewable resources and environmental protection. Herein, curing agents based on nitrogen−silicone Schiff base (BOB) and silica-bridged epoxy resin (ETOD) were designed and successfully synthesized. Then, ETOD was cured using BOB to fabricate a multi-silicon-bridge epoxy vitrimer containing dynamic imine bonds (BOB/ETOD). Notably, because of the presence of a large number of siloxane chain segments, BOB/ETOD exhibited excellent flame retardancy (the peak heat release rate (pHRR) was 57.7% lower than that of conventional epoxy resin (DDM/EP) and a carbon residual rate (RC 700 ) of 27.7%, which is 1.6 times higher than that of DDM/EP). Furthermore, the networks of BOB/ ETOD could topologically rearrange due to the reversible exchange reaction of imine bonds, making them degradable and reprocessable. Surprisingly, BOB/ETOD also had excellent antimicrobial (the antimicrobial rate was up to 93%) and UV-blocking properties. This work provides a simple and effective solution for the development of multifunctional epoxy-based vitrimers, which is conducive to further expanding the application field of epoxy resins.

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“…8 In the aforementioned context and driven by the policy of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality", a major shift from fossil resources to renewable resources for the development of environmentally friendly epoxy elastomers is a sustainable and green solution. 9 Several renewable sources are promising options, such as rosin, vanillin, polyterpene, and other biological materials. 10 Among these renewable resources are plant oils, triesters of fatty acids, and glycerol, which demonstrated natural advantages in the field of preparing epoxy elastomers due to their structural characteristics, such as soft and long fatty acid chains, a unique triglyceride structure, and the reactive carbon−carbon double bonds.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the aforementioned context and driven by the policy of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, a major shift from fossil resources to renewable resources for the development of environmentally friendly epoxy elastomers is a sustainable and green solution . Several renewable sources are promising options, such as rosin, vanillin, polyterpene, and other biological materials .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Fully Biobased Epoxy Elastomers Prepared from Different Plant Oils

Yang,

Li,

Wang

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A simple and facile method to prepare fully biobased epoxy elastomers with a high toughness is still a big challenge. In this study, a series of fully biobased epoxy elastomers were prepared by curing different epoxidized plant oils with a biobased diamine Priamine 1074. The curing behavior and catalytic process of these biobased epoxy elastomers was systematically studied. The effects of the different numbers of epoxy groups of these epoxidized plant oils and the equivalent ratios of amine and epoxy groups on the performance (thermal stability, mechanical properties, etc.) of the epoxy elastomers were studied and discussed. Furthermore, the potential of these epoxy elastomers as wearable flexible sensors was explored. It is found that ring opening polymerization and ester aminolysis reaction between amine groups of diamines and ester groups of epoxidized plant oils simultaneously occurred during the curing process. The properties, (thermal stability, thermophysical and mechanical properties, etc.) of these epoxidized plant oils could be tailored by selecting epoxidized plant oils with different numbers of epoxy groups and controlling equivalent ratios of amine and epoxy groups. The maximum elongation at break of the epoxy elastomers could reach up to 338.58%. After spray coating with Ag nanowires, these epoxy resins demonstrated excellent detection of motion signals at various joints and other regions of the body. Combining with the results of not being cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells, the epoxy elastomers reported in this study are expected to be applied in the field of wearable flexible sensors.

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Recyclable, reprocessable, self-healing elastomer-like epoxy vitrimer with low dielectric permittivity and its closed-loop recyclable carbon fiber reinforced composite

Cited by 25 publications

References 43 publications

Imine-Containing Epoxy Vitrimer Cured by Active Ester: Properties and Theoretical Analysis

Imine-Containing Epoxy Vitrimer Cured by Active Ester: Properties and Theoretical Analysis

Silicon-Bridged Epoxy Vitrimers with Antibacterial and UV-Blocking Properties

Synthesis and Characterization of Fully Biobased Epoxy Elastomers Prepared from Different Plant Oils

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