Recycling of Alkaline Batteries via a Carbothermal Reduction Process

Abstract

Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO2. In this study, carbothermal reduction for zinc oxide from battery waste was completed for both vacuum and Ar atmospheres. Thermodynamic data are evaluated for vacuum and Ar atmosphere reduction reactions and results for Zn reduction/evaporation are compared via the FactSage program. Zn vapor and manganese oxide were obtained as products. Zn vapor was re-oxidized in end products; manganese monoxide and steel container of batteries are evaluated as ferromanganese raw material. Effects of carbon source, vacuum, temperature and time were studied. The results show a recovery of 95.1% Zn by implementing a product at 1150 °C for 1 h without using the vacuum. The residues were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods.

Production of Composite Pellets From Waste Coffee Grounds, Mill Scale and Waste Primary Battery to Produce Ferromanganese; A Zero Waste Approach

“…General approach for recycling single use batteries is pyrometallurgical method because of fast and efficient process [3]. Primary waste battery recycling consists of reductionevaporation of Zn at first step followed by total or partial reduction of manganese oxides to produce various manganese based chemicals or alloys [5,6]. High vapour pressure of Zn at relatively low temperatures to Mn available the vaporization -condensation route for Zn recovery in battery recycling [6].…”

“…Primary waste battery recycling consists of reductionevaporation of Zn at first step followed by total or partial reduction of manganese oxides to produce various manganese based chemicals or alloys [5,6]. High vapour pressure of Zn at relatively low temperatures to Mn available the vaporization -condensation route for Zn recovery in battery recycling [6]. Vacuum applied processes can be applied to decrease Zn evaporation temperature [6,7].…”

“…High vapour pressure of Zn at relatively low temperatures to Mn available the vaporization -condensation route for Zn recovery in battery recycling [6]. Vacuum applied processes can be applied to decrease Zn evaporation temperature [6,7]. After Zn recovery batteries can be used as Mn raw material and generally considered for ferromanganese production [3,6].…”

“…Vacuum applied processes can be applied to decrease Zn evaporation temperature [6,7]. After Zn recovery batteries can be used as Mn raw material and generally considered for ferromanganese production [3,6]. Waste coffee grounds are evaluated in various recycling applications due to large amount of waste [8].…”

Безпечна Утилізація Відпрацьованих Марганець-Цинкових Гальванічних Елементів

“…At present, MDZVC scraps are considered to be secondary raw materials, which it is expedient to include in new life cycle of technical products, using modern methods of recycling, or apply for other purposes [18,19].…”