Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO2. In this study, carbothermal reduction for zinc oxide from battery waste was completed for both vacuum and Ar atmospheres. Thermodynamic data are evaluated for vacuum and Ar atmosphere reduction reactions and results for Zn reduction/evaporation are compared via the FactSage program. Zn vapor and manganese oxide were obtained as products. Zn vapor was re-oxidized in end products; manganese monoxide and steel container of batteries are evaluated as ferromanganese raw material. Effects of carbon source, vacuum, temperature and time were studied. The results show a recovery of 95.1% Zn by implementing a product at 1150 °C for 1 h without using the vacuum. The residues were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods.

This study was aimed to produce ferromanganese by using waste battery as manganese source, mill scale as iron source and waste coffee ground as reduction agent and carbon source. Waste batteries were collected from waste battery collection bins. Mill scale was collected from hot rolling workshop. Waste coffee grounds were household used coffee. All starting materials were characterized. Weighted raw materials blended with addition of bentonite as a binder. Pelletizing equipment was used to produce composite pellets. Produced pellets were dried then used for reduction experiments. Reduction experiments were conducted in Argon purged tube furnace for 1250 oC, 1300 oC and 1400 oC according to thermodynamic background. Produced ferromanganese samples were characterized for chemical compositions and metallization rate.

In this article, oxidation kinetics of carbon steel is investigated with respect to the existence of copper (Cu). It is aimed to figure out the high-temperature oxidation behaviours of Cu bearing steel. Cu induced hot shortness is the main problem of recycling of tramp element containing steels. The experimental temperature range was decided according to the steel deformation process' . Oxidation experiments were conducted between 900 and 1200 °C with 100 °C intervals in an electrical resistance furnace. High-temperature oxidation kinetics of Cu bearing carbon steel was examined. Topographical surface analysis' of samples were carried out via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy. Mass gain rate and kinetical results were algebraically evaluated. Cu segregation on steel surface at elevated temperatures and its behaviour against oxygen were observed.

I. INTRODUCTIONSteel is the most produced metal worldwide [1]. High production amounts of steel oblige the recycling of steel.Recycling of the steel is mainly done with Electric Arc Furnace process [2]. The most common industrial practice of recycling the steel via using Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is followed by continuous casting technique for semifinished products. Quality of the re-produced steels by recycling is mainly depend on scrap quality [2,3]. Chemical composition of the scrap directly affects end product in EAF. Ladle furnace operations of secondary metallurgy is insufficient for refinement some of the impurities in molten steel. Secondary metallurgy of recycled steel is based on oxidation of impurities then floating the oxides to slag. Impurities that have lower oxygen affinity than iron are unable to be refined from steel by oxidation. These elements are known as tramp elements in steel [4]. Tramp elements are; Cu, Sn, Zn, Pb, Bi, Sb, As, Ni, Cr, Mo and V [4]. Tramp elements effect steel properties in different ways. Formation of solid solution or precipitation may enhance steels mechanical performance while intergranular or surface segregation which originated from tramp elements effects steel performance in detrimental means [4,8].Hot shortness is segregation of tramp elements known as tramp element presence in recycled steels produced via Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) [9]. Recycling of steel decreases the carbon footprint nevertheless accumulation rate of tramp elements increase in recycled steels [10]. Increase in tramp element amounts in steel requires; dilution,

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