Recycling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Polymers—Review—Part 1: Volume of Production, Recycling Technologies, Legislative Aspects

Błędzki, Andrzej K.; Seidlitz, Holger; Gorący, K.; Urbaniak, Magdalena; Rösch, Janina

doi:10.3390/polym13020300

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Regarding CFRP use and recycling in the automotive industry in the European Union, Directive 2000/53/EC establishes minimum reuse and recovery values of 95% for all end-of-life vehicles and reuse and recycling values of 85% by an average weight per vehicle per year. [ 27 , 28 ]. In order to achieve the proposed sustainability objectives, the industry must address three key points: the processes—improving them to reduce production time; the design—improving the distribution of loads in aerofoils for example; and the development of new materials—employing natural fibers or bio-based polymers [ 19 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

et al. 2021

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The rapid increase in the application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials represents a challenge to waste recycling. The circular economy approach coupled with the possibility of recovering carbon fibers from CFRP waste with similar properties to virgin carbon fibers at a much lower cost and with lower energy consumption motivate the study of CFRP recycling. Mechanical recycling methods allow the obtention of chopped composite materials, while both thermal and chemical recycling methods aim towards recovering carbon fibers. This review examines the three main recycling methods, their processes, and particularities, as well as the reuse of recycled carbon fibers in the manufacture of new composite materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

et al. 2021

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“…The global market capacity for CFRP was estimated to be approximately USD 5 billion in 2019 and it was expected to grow by 10.6% annually, reaching around USD 8 billion in 2024 [ 2 ]. In terms of the worldwide production of CFRP, it is estimated to reach almost 200 kt by 2022, whereas the amount produced in 2018 was 128 kt [ 3 ]. The reason behind such a relatively high demand is related to the superior properties of composite materials such as higher strength, lower weight (25 to 75% reduction in weight), and corrosion resistance compared to conventional materials such as steel and aluminum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, using CFRPs enables energy saving and reducing carbon emissions associated with the life cycle of the final products. For example, recycling a kilogram of carbon fiber with a chemical method consumes 38 MJ of energy, whereas the production of virgin carbon fiber requires 5–15 times more [ 3 ]. Moreover, composites form more than half of the share of materials used in the manufacturing of the new generation aircrafts such as the Boeing 747 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cost Modelling System for Recycling Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites

et al. 2021

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Cost-effective and environmentally responsible ways of carbon fiber-reinforced composite (CFRP) recycling are increasingly important, owing to the rapidly increasing use of these materials in many industries such as the aerospace, automotive and energy sectors. Product designers need to consider the costs associated with manufacturing and the end-of-life stage of such materials to make informed decisions. They also need to understand the current methods of composite recycling and disposal and their impact on the end-of-life costs. A comprehensive literature review indicated that there is no such tool to estimate CFRP recycling costs without any prior knowledge and expertise. Therefore, this research paper proposed a novel knowledge-based system for the cost modelling of recycling CFRP that does not require in-depth knowledge from a user. A prototype of a cost estimation system has been developed based on existing CFRP recycling techniques such as mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, fluidized bed, and supercritical water. The proposed system has the ability to select the appropriate recycling techniques based on a user’s needs with the help of an optimization module based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Estimating recycling costs has taken into consideration various factors such as different material types in different industries, transportation, and dismantling costs. The developed system can be employed to support early-stage designers and decision-making stakeholders in terms of understanding and predicting recycling costs easily and quickly.

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“…[3,4] As a consequence, the accumulation and inadequate disposal of CFs generate environmental impacts. [5,6] To minimize environmental problems and to revalue a residue with a wide technological potential, the practice of recycling CFs is being investigated, [7][8][9] in view of the most diverse applications. Recycling CF is extremely important, since it has a high durability and consumption is growing every year, generating a large amount of postindustrial and post-consumption waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reuse of carbon fiber waste to produce composites with polypropylene. The effect of styrene‐(ethylene‐butylene)‐styrene grafted with maleic anhydride and ethylene‐propylene‐diene grafted with maleic anhydride copolymers

et al. 2021

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Carbon fiber (CF) is a difficult material to recycle, generating accumulation and environmental impacts when disposed of incorrectly. The practice of reuse is being encouraged, aiming to minimize socio-environmental impacts. The present research aimed to develop polypropylene (PP) composites with CF waste, using styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-MA) and ethylene-propylene-diene grafted with maleic anhydride (EPDM-MA), as compatibilizers. The composites were processed in a mixer and injection molded. The addition of the CF in the PP matrix did not hinder processability, as verified in torque rheometry. Significant increases were achieved in impact strength and elongation at break, especially in the PP/FC/ SEBS-MA and PP/FC/EPDM-MA composites. Incorporating 15% EPDM-MA reduced the elastic modulus and tensile strength by 23% and 32%, while SEBS-MA by 13% and 23%, relative to PP, respectively, due to the increase in flexibility of the composites. When the PP/FC composites were compatibilized with SEBS-MA and EPDM-MA, there was a higher level of interaction among the phases, generating a higher wettability, as verified in the scanning electron microscopy. Such behavior was important to increase the crystallinity of the compatibilized composites. The composites thermal stability increased significantly, increasing in 40 C, compared to pure PP. In general, the compatibilization with SEBS-MA was more effective, generating better properties.As a consequence, the heat deflection temperature of the composites remained the same as the level of pure PP, suggesting good structural stability. The results are valuable for the recycling area, since CF can be reused as a polymer additive to improve properties.

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Recycling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Polymers—Review—Part 1: Volume of Production, Recycling Technologies, Legislative Aspects

Cited by 52 publications

References 8 publications

Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

A Cost Modelling System for Recycling Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Reuse of carbon fiber waste to produce composites with polypropylene. The effect of styrene‐(ethylene‐butylene)‐styrene grafted with maleic anhydride and ethylene‐propylene‐diene grafted with maleic anhydride copolymers

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