Red howling monkey use of specific defecation sites as a parasite avoidance strategy

Gilbert, Kellen A.

doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0439

Cited by 88 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As a consequence, 61 percent of all defecation occurs near resting areas (Julliot 1996b, Gilbert 1997, which generally do not coincide with fruiting trees (E. Andresen, pers. obs.).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Seed Dispersal by Red Howler Monkeys and the Effect of Defecation Patterns on the Fate of Dispersed Seeds¹

Andresen

2002

Biotropica

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The effectiveness of a seed disperser depends on the quantity and quality of dispersal. The quality of dispersal depends in large part on factors that affect the post-dispersal fate of seeds, and yet this aspect of dispersal quality is rarely assessed. In the particular case of seed dispersal through endozoochory, the defecation pattern produced has the potential of affecting the fate of dispersed seeds and consequently, dispersal quality and effectiveness. In this study, I assessed the effects of dung presence and dung/seed densities on seed predation by rodents and secondary dispersal by dung beetles. In particular, I compared seed fates in clumped defecation patterns, as those produced by howler monkeys, with seed fates in scattered defecation patterns, as those produced by other frugivores. I also determined the prevalence of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) as seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonia by determining the number of species they dispersed in a 25-month period. I found that dung presence and amount affected rodent and dung beetle behavior. Seed predation rates were higher when dung was present, and when it was in higher densities. The same number of seeds was buried by dung beetles, in clumped versus scattered defecation patterns, but more seeds were buried when they were inside large dung-piles versus small piles. Seed density had no effect on rodent or dung beetle behavior. Results indicate that caution should be taken when categorizing an animal as a high or low quality seed disperser before carefully examining the factors that affect the fate of dispersed seeds. Red howler monkeys dispersed the seeds of 137 species during the study period, which is the highest yet reported number for an Alouatta species, and should thus be considered highly prevalent seed dispersers at the plant community level in Central Amazonian terra firme rain forests. RESUMOA efetividade da dispersão de sementes depende da quantidade e qualidade da dispersão. A qualidade da dispersão, por sua vez, depende em grande parte dos fatores pós-dispersão que afetam o destino das sementes-um aspecto pouco explorado na literatura. No caso especial de dispersão de sementes por endozoocoria, o padrão de defecação tem potencial de afetar o destino das sementes dispersas e consequentemente a qualidade da dispersão. Neste estudo, eu investiguei os efeitos da presença de fezes e da densidade de sementes e de fezes sobre a predação de sementes por roedores, e sobre a dispersão secundária por besouros coprófagos. Em particular, eu comparei o destino das sementes em padrões de defecação agregada, como as produzidas por macacos guaribas, e em padrões de defecação dispersa, como as produzidas por outros frugívoros. Eu também determinei a prevalência dos guaribas vermelhos (Alouatta seniculus) como dispersores de sementes da comunidade de plantas na Amazônia Central, por meio da determinação do número de espécies vegetais que eles dispersaram durante um período de 25 meses. Eu encontrei que a presença ...

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“…As a consequence, 61 percent of all defecation occurs near resting areas (Julliot 1996b, Gilbert 1997, which generally do not coincide with fruiting trees (E. Andresen, pers. obs.).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Seed Dispersal by Red Howler Monkeys and the Effect of Defecation Patterns on the Fate of Dispersed Seeds¹

Andresen

2002

Biotropica

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“…Though grooming appears to be an important mechanism for removing potentially damaging ectoparasites (Freeland, 1981;Gilbert, 1997), there is no published study on how grooming behavior may alter the risk of gastrointestinal parasite infection. Grooming brings individuals into close contact, increasing the risk of transmission of parasites with direct life cycles.…”

Section: Provide Supportive Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections in Free-Ranging Primates

2006

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“…Alouatta seniculus) have chronic endoparasite infections. Most of these infections are probably asymptomatic, based on low number of parasites per individual monkeys and qualitative measures of health, although, some of the parasite species are potential pathogens 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protozoários intestinais em primatas não-humanos apreendidos

Filho

Cardozo

Ribeiro

et al. 2006

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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The objective of this study was to identify intestinal protozoa in fecal samples of illegally commercialized New World nonhuman primates apprehended by governmental authorities and sent to a Wildlife Screening Center in the municipality of Seropédica, State of Rio de Janeiro, under the administration of Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais. Feces from marmosets (crossbreeding among Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata) and brown howler monkeys (Alouatta fusca) were collected and submitted to Richtie's formaldehyde-ether sedimentation technique. Smears were made with the sediment and submitted to safranin-methylene blue and Wheatley's modified trichrome stainings. Phenol-auramine staining was used in order to compare positive smears for Cryptosporidium oocysts stained with safranin-methylene blue technique. Three (100%) fecal samples of brown howler monkeys and eight of common marmosets (88.9%) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Blastocystis hominis-like forms were observed in all samples of brown howler monkeys and in 66.7% (6/9) of marmosets. New World nonhuman primates Callithrix crossbreed species and A. fusca can harbor forms similarly identified as potential zoonotic organisms. The strict contact between monkeys and humans can represent risks for both by mutual transmission of pathogens. It is unknown if monkey species studied in the present work are either infected with these parasites in natural environment or acquire it when submitted to human contact. Stressing is also a factor that deserves attention on animals submitted to capture, apprehension and transport to Wildlife Screening Centers.

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Red howling monkey use of specific defecation sites as a parasite avoidance strategy

Cited by 88 publications

References 12 publications

Primary Seed Dispersal by Red Howler Monkeys and the Effect of Defecation Patterns on the Fate of Dispersed Seeds¹

Primary Seed Dispersal by Red Howler Monkeys and the Effect of Defecation Patterns on the Fate of Dispersed Seeds¹

Noninvasive Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections in Free-Ranging Primates

Protozoários intestinais em primatas não-humanos apreendidos

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Red howling monkey use of specific defecation sites as a parasite avoidance strategy

Cited by 88 publications

References 12 publications

Primary Seed Dispersal by Red Howler Monkeys and the Effect of Defecation Patterns on the Fate of Dispersed Seeds1

Primary Seed Dispersal by Red Howler Monkeys and the Effect of Defecation Patterns on the Fate of Dispersed Seeds1

Noninvasive Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections in Free-Ranging Primates

Protozoários intestinais em primatas não-humanos apreendidos

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Primary Seed Dispersal by Red Howler Monkeys and the Effect of Defecation Patterns on the Fate of Dispersed Seeds¹

Primary Seed Dispersal by Red Howler Monkeys and the Effect of Defecation Patterns on the Fate of Dispersed Seeds¹