Renewable
biofuel production depends on many factors, including
feedstock availability, refinery and shipment infrastructure, and
in particular, water availability. This study assesses water requirement
and availability for mainstream biorefinery technologies in the contiguous
United States (CONUS). The assessment is conducted in newly defined
spatial units, namely, biorefinery planning boundaries, considering
feedstock availability, transportation cost, and refinery capacity
requirement for cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that the total
biorefinery water use in the CONUS by 2030 will be low compared to
the total water availability. However, biorefinery water requirements
can aggravate the water stress situation in many regions, including
the Great Plains, California Central Valley, and the upper Columbia-Snake
River basin in Washington. Bioenergy productions in these regions
can be largely constrained by water. It is projected that biofuel
production will concentrate in Northern Plains, Lake States, and Corn
Belt regions, which contribute 94.4% of the conventional, 86.1% of
biodiesel, and 54.8% of cellulosic biofuel production mandated by
the renewable fuel standard. If biorefineries are constrained to use
less than 10% of the locally available water, up to 7% of planned
cellulosic biofuel production will be affected. Findings from this
study can aid the sustainable planning of national bioenergy production.