Redox cycling-based amplifying electrochemical sensor for in situ clozapine antipsychotic treatment monitoring

Ben‐Yoav, Hadar; Winkler, Thomas; Kim, Eunkyoung; Chocron, Sheryl E.; Kelly, Deanna L.; Payne, Gregory F.; Ghodssi, Reza

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.045

Cited by 40 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…As with gold, TiN also shows significant clozapine signal amplification with RCS modification, accompanied by a peak shift from 0.38 V to 0.54 V due to the slower overall kinetics from multiple reactions in redox cycling. However, the increase in current with RCS-TiN is much more pronounced at 7.54× compared to 2.86× for RCS-gold in PBS (the latter in line with previous data [9,18]). At the same time, while variability increases to 44% for RCS-gold, it reduces to 5% for RCS-TiN, reflecting an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of 9.2.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…TiN was coated with ALD (Beneq TFS 500; 400 cycles ≈ 30 nm). RCS films were applied following published procedures after another Piranha cleaning step [9]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This yields a redox capacitor, allowing for repeated analyte oxidation at the electrode following reduction by catechol, leading to signal amplification. We have previously applied the RCS toward sensing pyocyanin and, more recently, clozapine [8,9]. Clozapine is an antipsychotic drug, the most effective one available for managing treatment-resistant schizophrenia [10–12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The interplay of electrode- and bio-materials in a redox-cycling-based clozapine sensor

Winkler

Dietrich

Kim

et al. 2017

Electrochemistry Communications

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We investigate gold, TiN, and platinum in combination with a chitosan–catechol-based redox-cycling system (RCS) for electrochemical detection of the antipsychotic clozapine. We have previously demonstrated the RCS for detection of clozapine in serum, but challenges remain regarding low signal-to-noise ratios. This can be mitigated by selection of electrode materials with beneficial surface morphologies and/or compositions. We employ cyclic voltammetry to assess the redox current generated by clozapine, and differentiate solely surface-area-based effects from clozapine-specific ones using a standard redox couple. We find that nano- and microstructured platinum greatly amplifies the clozapine signal compared to gold (up to 1490-fold for platinum black). However, the material performs poorly in the presence of chloride ions, and RCS modification provides no further amplification. The RCS combined with atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) TiN, on the other hand, increases the signal by 7.54 times, versus 2.86 times for RCS on gold, with a 9.2-fold lower variability, indicating that the homogenous and chemically inert properties of ALD-TiN may make it an ideal electrode material.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…TiN was coated with ALD (Beneq TFS 500; 400 cycles ≈ 30 nm). RCS films were applied following published procedures after another Piranha cleaning step [9]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The interplay of electrode- and bio-materials in a redox-cycling-based clozapine sensor

Winkler

Dietrich

Kim

et al. 2017

Electrochemistry Communications

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“…For instance, the amplification properties of the redox-capacitor could enhance sensitivities for detecting the bacterial virulence factor pyocyanin [235] and the antipsychotic medication clozapine [236], while the combination of amplification and rectification provided signatures of biologically relevant redox-cycling activities (e.g., of the analgesic, acetaminophen) [234,237]. Table 5.…”

Section: Information Processing Properties Of the Redox-capacitormentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan to Connect Biology to Electronics: Fabricating the Bio-Device Interface and Communicating Across This Interface

et al. 2014

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Individually, advances in microelectronics and biology transformed the way we live our lives. However, there remain few examples in which biology and electronics have been interfaced to create synergistic capabilities. We believe there are two major challenges to the integration of biological components into microelectronic systems: (i) assembly of the biological components at an electrode address, and (ii) communication between the assembled biological components and the underlying electrode. Chitosan OPEN ACCESSPolymers 2015, 7 2 possesses a unique combination of properties to meet these challenges and serve as an effective bio-device interface material. For assembly, chitosan's pH-responsive film-forming properties allow it to "recognize" electrode-imposed signals and respond by self-assembling as a stable hydrogel film through a cathodic electrodeposition mechanism. A separate anodic electrodeposition mechanism was recently reported and this also allows chitosan hydrogel films to be assembled at an electrode address. Protein-based biofunctionality can be conferred to electrodeposited films through a variety of physical, chemical and biological methods. For communication, we are investigating redox-active catechol-modified chitosan films as an interface to bridge redox-based communication between biology and an electrode. Despite significant progress over the last decade, many questions still remain which warrants even deeper study of chitosan's structure, properties, and functions.

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“…There is still exploration to seek new redox couple for the development of novelty ECC redox cycling system. In recent years, Payne and coworkers have reported that catecholÀ chitosan (CS) films, a redox capacitor has been used in amplification of electrochemical signal of analyte [35][36][37][38]. In our group, dopamine cross-linked CS films being redox capacitor as well as an indicator, has been developed for enhanced electrochemical sensing of saccharide [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amplified Electrochemical Response of Phenol by Oxygenation of Tyrosinase Coupling with Electrochemical‐chemical‐chemical Redox Cycle

Guo

Zhao

et al. 2019

Electroanalysis

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In this work, an novel electrochemical‐chemical‐chemical (ECC) redox cycle was designed in an enzyme‐based sensor for acquiring additional signal amplification. The tyrosinase (Tyr) was entrapped in a sulfonated polyaniline−chitosan (SPAN−CS) composite which was used as a redox capacitor on a glass carbon electrode. Firstly, the substrate, phenol was catalyzed to catechol and further catalyzed to o‐benzoquinone by Tyr. Next, in the presence of Ru(NH3)6Cl2, the reduced state of SPAN(SPANred) was reacted with o‐benzoquinone to form it's oxidized state (SPANox) and catechol, then SPANox was reduced back to SPANred by Ru(II) in the solution. Finally, the amplified anodic current of catechol was obtained on electrode through above ECC redox cycle system. In addition, the ECC redox cycling led to a high signal‐to‐background ratio. The voltammetric response showed excellent analytical performance to phenol over two linear range of 3.5 to 200.0 nmol L−1 and 200.0 to 2000.0 nmol L−1 with a high sensitivity of 2204 μA mM−1. The detection limit was obtained to be 0.8 nmol L−1 (S/N=3). Furthermore, the proposed approach exhibited good repeatability, stability and specificity, and could offer practicality in the detection of phenol in tap water.

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Redox cycling-based amplifying electrochemical sensor for in situ clozapine antipsychotic treatment monitoring

Cited by 40 publications

References 64 publications

The interplay of electrode- and bio-materials in a redox-cycling-based clozapine sensor

The interplay of electrode- and bio-materials in a redox-cycling-based clozapine sensor

Chitosan to Connect Biology to Electronics: Fabricating the Bio-Device Interface and Communicating Across This Interface

Amplified Electrochemical Response of Phenol by Oxygenation of Tyrosinase Coupling with Electrochemical‐chemical‐chemical Redox Cycle

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