Reduced Parasite Burden in Children with Falciparum Malaria and Bacteremia Coinfections: Role of Mediators of Inflammation

Davenport, Gregory C.; Hittner, James B.; Otieno, Vincent; Karim, Zachary; Mukundan, Harshini; Fenimore, Paul W.; Hengartner, Nicolas W.; McMahon, Benjamin H.; Kempaiah, Prakasha; Ong’echa, John Michael; Perkins, Douglas J

doi:10.1155/2016/4286576

Cited by 18 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…This is consistent with studies that reported low production of IFN-γ, low response of T cells to some mitogens and increased T reg cells in cord blood of neonates born to women with placental malaria [43][44][45][46][47]. These alterations in the host immune response, associated with microscopic P. falciparum malaria, result in increased susceptibility to bacteraemia in children [48,49] and alteration of the vaccine response [7,9,50]. Therefore, it is essential in future to evaluate the effect of submicroscopic maternal infections in our setting on the immunity of neonates and children post-vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Submicroscopic Plasmodium infection during pregnancy is associated with reduced antibody levels to tetanus toxoid

Álvarez-Larrotta

Agudelo

Duque

et al. 2018

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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Submicroscopic Plasmodium infections in pregnancy are common in endemic areas, and it is important to understand the impact of these low-level infections. Asymptomatic, chronic infections are advantageous for parasite persistence, particularly in areas where the optimal eco-epidemiological conditions for parasite transmission fluctuate. In chronic infections, the persistence of the antigenic stimulus changes the expression of immune mediators and promotes constant immune regulation, including increases in regulatory T cell populations. These alterations of the immune system could compromise the response to routine vaccination. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of submicroscopic plasmodial infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax during pregnancy on the immune response to the tetanus toxoid vaccine in Colombian women. Expression of different cytokines and mediators of immune regulation and levels of anti-tetanus toxoid (TT) immunoglobulin (Ig)G were quantified in pregnant women with and without submicroscopic plasmodial infection. The anti-TT IgG levels were significantly lower in the infected group compared with the uninfected group. The expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) was significantly higher in the infected group, while the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was lower in the group of infected. In conclusion, submicroscopic Plasmodium infection altered the development of the immune response to the TT vaccine in Colombian pregnant women. The impact of Plasmodium infections on the immune regulatory pathways warrants further exploration.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Submicroscopic Plasmodium infection during pregnancy is associated with reduced antibody levels to tetanus toxoid

Álvarez-Larrotta

Agudelo

Duque

et al. 2018

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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“…As expected in this young cohort, the frequency of comorbid conditions was low across the GNI categories except for anemia, which was present in 24% of the patients in LLMIC. The anemia seen in LLMIC patients may be a marker for prevalent malnutrition, chronic infection and/or endemic malarial and parasitic disease, which in turn might impact the incidence and outcome of AKI in this population [ 27 – 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition and management of acute kidney injury in children: The ISN 0by25 Global Snapshot study

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIn low and middle-income countries, reliable data on the epidemiology of childhood acute kidney injury (AKI) is lacking. The Global Snapshot, conducted by the ISN “0by25” AKI initiative, was a world-wide cross-sectional, observational study to evaluate AKI in hospitalized patients. Here we report the pediatric results of this study.Patients and methodsWe prospectively collected data on children who met the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes AKI criteria during a 10-week window in late 2014. AKI risk factors, etiological factors, management and outcomes were recorded using standardized forms and protocols. Countries were classified according to their 2014 gross national income (GNI) per person into high-income countries (HIC), upper-middle income countries (UMIC) and low and low-middle income countries (LLMIC). Need for renal replacement therapy, mortality, and renal recovery were assessed 7 days after AKI diagnosis or at hospital discharge, whichever came first.Results92 centers from 41 countries collected data on 354 pediatric AKI patients; 53% of the children developed AKI while hospitalized and 47% in the community. The most common etiological factors for AKI differed across GNI categories as well as between patients with community-acquired vs. hospital-acquired AKI. Children from HIC were younger, and larger proportion of AKI in this group were due to post-surgical complications vs. other etiologies when compared to other income categories. In patients with hypotension as the cause of AKI, the adjusted risk of death was almost 10-fold higher compared to patients without hypotension as an etiological factor for AKI development. Mortality was similar within AKI stages in HIC and UMIC. In LLMIC, patients with the highest AKI level of severity had higher mortality than patients in higher income categories. Patients from LLMIC and UMIC had a 57-fold and 11 fold higher adjusted risk of death, respectively, compared to patients from HIC.ConclusionIn resource-limited countries, pediatric AKI-associated mortality is disproportionately higher when compared to high-resource areas, especially among patients with more severe AKI.

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Section: The Roles Of Ifn-i In Co-infection With P Falciparum and Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Co-infections with bacteria and malaria parasites are common life-threatening conditions in children residing in sub-Saharan Africa (36). It has been reported that the most frequently isolated G + and Gram-negative (G − ) bacteria found from 206 children aged 3-36 months in Kenya are Staphylococcus aureus (G + bacteria) and non-Typhi Salmonella (G − bacteria), respectively (36). Kenyan children co-infected with G − bacteria and P. falciparum can increase clinical outcomes such as malnutrition, respiratory distress, anemia, and mortality, although bacteremia is associated with reducing incidences of high-density parasitemia (37).…”

Section: The Roles Of Ifn-i In Co-infection With P Falciparum and Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IFNα, and IFNγ are higher in patients co-infected with P. falciparum and G − or G + bacteria than P. falciparum mono-infected patients. Parasitemia is inversely associated with elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IFNα, and IFNγ in children co-infected with P. falciparum and G − bacteria, suggesting that the cytokines may induce anti-parasitic activities (36). Furthermore, children with P. falciparum-mono-infection had significantly depressed levels of IFNα compared to children with G − or G + bacteria and P. falciparum co-infections (36).…”

Section: The Roles Of Ifn-i In Co-infection With P Falciparum and Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Roles of Type I Interferon in Co-infections With Parasites and Viruses, Bacteria, or Other Parasites

Lü

2020

Front. Immunol.

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Parasites, bacteria, and viruses pose serious threats to public health. Many parasite infections, including infections of protozoa and helminths, can inhibit inflammatory responses and impact disease outcomes caused by viral, bacterial, or other parasitic infections. Type I interferon (IFN-I) has been recognized as an essential immune effector in the host defense against various pathogens. In addition, IFN-I responses induced by co-infections with different pathogens may vary according to the host genetic background, immune status, and pathogen burden. However, there is only limited information on the roles of IFN-I in co-infections with parasites and viruses, bacteria, or other parasites. This review summarizes some recent findings on the roles of IFN-I in co-infections with parasites, including Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Eimeria maxima, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Brugia malayi, or Schistosoma mansoni, and viruses or bacteria and co-infections with different parasites (such as co-infection with Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, and co-infection with Plasmodium spp. and H. polygyrus). The potential mechanisms of host responses associated with co-infections, which may provide targets for immune intervention and therapies of the co-infections, are also discussed.

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Reduced Parasite Burden in Children with Falciparum Malaria and Bacteremia Coinfections: Role of Mediators of Inflammation

Cited by 18 publications

References 63 publications

Submicroscopic Plasmodium infection during pregnancy is associated with reduced antibody levels to tetanus toxoid

Submicroscopic Plasmodium infection during pregnancy is associated with reduced antibody levels to tetanus toxoid

Recognition and management of acute kidney injury in children: The ISN 0by25 Global Snapshot study

The Roles of Type I Interferon in Co-infections With Parasites and Viruses, Bacteria, or Other Parasites

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