Reduced Release of Intact and Cleaved Urokinase Receptor in Stimulated Whole‐Blood Cultures from Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1‐Infected Patients

Abstract

The blood levels of the soluble forms of the urokinase receptor (suPAR) are increased in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients. This study investigated whether the release of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in whole-blood cultures was affected by HIV infection.

Plasma Levels of Intact and Cleaved Urokinase Receptor Decrease in HIV‐1‐Infected Patients Initiating Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

“…Hypothetically, if HIV‐1‐infection increases both expression [6, 24, 25] and shedding of uPAR(I–III) and thereby induces relatively reduced cellular uPAR(I–III) expression [26] and hence reduced uPAR(I–III) cleavage [22, 23], this could, together with a short half‐life of circulating suPAR(I) [14, 15, 27, 28], in part explain the modest increase in suPAR(I) in HIV‐1‐infected patients. We have previously shown that release of intact and cleaved uPAR in 24 h stimulated whole‐blood cultures from HIV‐1‐infected patients is reduced compared with healthy individuals [26]. This finding could indicate that circulating immune cells from HIV‐1‐infected patients have reduced uPAR expression.…”

“…It is not known whether circulating immune cells from HIV‐1‐infected patients, e.g. have reduced uPAR expression [26] compared with immune cells residing in lymphoid tissues. Thus, further studies are required to interpret differences in the blood level of individual suPAR forms in patients and healthy individuals.…”

Soluble Urokinase Receptor as a Promising Marker for Early Prediction of Outcome in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients

“…In a wide population of acute medical patients, suPAR is strongly associated with disease severity and mortality, suggesting that suPAR could be used in the clinic as a prognostic indicator [ 24 ]. Several studies have indicated that serum suPAR levels correlate with the severity of infection and have reported a strong association with mortality in patients with malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Cumulative childhood risk is associated with a new measure of chronic inflammation in adulthood

“…Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is the soluble form of uPAR, a membrane-bound receptor that is expressed on immune and endothelial cells and involved in several cellular processes, including adhesion, differentiation, proliferation, and migration (Blasi & Carmeliet, 2002). Immune and proinflammatory conditions increase the expression and cleavage of uPAR (Dekkers, ten Hove, te Velde, van Deventer, & van Der Poll, 2000;Ostrowski et al, 2005). The resulting suPAR is a stable circulating molecule with intrinsic chemotactic properties (Resnati et al, 2002), and the level of suPAR is thought to reflect the overall immune activity of an individual (Desmedt et al, 2017).…”