Reducing Copper Concentration in Polymers Prepared via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Mueller, Laura; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof

doi:10.1002/mren.200900067

Cited by 64 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…[1c,2] Copper ion residues in polymers also represent a problem for technical applications, as they result in unwanted coloration of plastics. [2] An environmentally friendly and non-toxic alternative to transition metal complexes in many fields of catalysis are enzymes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horseradish Peroxidase as a Catalyst for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Sigg

Seidi

Renggli

et al. 2011

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

132

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The hemoprotein horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzes the polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide with an alkyl bromide initiator under conditions of activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) in the absence of any peroxide. This is a novel activity of HRP, which we propose to name ATRPase activity. Bromine-terminated polymers with polydispersity indices (PDIs) as low as 1.44 are obtained. The polymerization follows first order kinetics, but the evolution of molecular weight and the PDI upon increasing conversion deviate from the results expected for an ATRP mechanism. Conversion, M(n) and PDI depend on the pH and on the concentration of the reducing agent, sodium ascorbate. HRP is stable during the polymerization and does not unfold or form conjugates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horseradish Peroxidase as a Catalyst for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Sigg

Seidi

Renggli

et al. 2011

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

132

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“…Even though selection of the appropriate ATRP catalyst enables the synthesis of well-defined polyacrylates and purification methods are available for its removal, [37][38][39][40][41] the amount of catalyst in a normal ATRP process is too high to obtain an economic profitable process. [1,42] Therefore, in the last years, ATRP modified techniques [5,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] have been developed in which a low catalyst concentration (ppm level with respect to monomer) is employed. Importantly, these techniques can be applied using commercially available ligands, are more environmentally friendly and avoid the oxygen sensitivity of the activator upon storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer‐Aided Optimization of Conditions for Fast and Controlled ICAR ATRP of n‐Butyl Acrylate

Porras

D’hooge

Reyniers

et al. 2013

Macro Theory & Simulations

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The potential of initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) for the synthesis of well‐defined poly(n‐butyl acrylate) is analyzed by means of simulations. The kinetic model accounts for reactivity differences between secondary and tertiary macrospecies and considers the possible influence of diffusional limitations. CuBr2 is used as transition metal salt and the commercially available N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as ligand. For targeted chain lengths (TCLs) up to 1000, the ICAR ATRP can be performed relatively quickly, and with ppm levels of ATRP catalyst. For moderate TCLs, slightly higher ppm levels are required if excellent control over chain length is also desired. In all cases, limited loss of end‐group functionality (EGF) results. magnified image

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“…Sample 1 is commercially available, and sample 3 was synthesized following the procedures described by Liu et al 22 with adaptations, as described in detail elsewhere. 23 Linear homopolymer 2, linear diblock copolymer 4 and nanogels 5-6 were synthesized employing a convenient onepot two-step method based on ARGET ATRP polymerization technique, following a protocol adapted from earlier communications by Matyjaszewski and co-workers [24][25][26] on the topic. In a typical procedure, methanol as solvent (2.0 mL), POEGMA 7 monomer (average M n = 300 g mol into a dry 50 mL Schlenk tube previously purged with N 2 .…”

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Palladium Nanoparticles within Core-Cross-Linked Polymer Gels for Suzuki Coupling Reactions: from Monomers to Ready-to-Use Catalysts in Two-Steps

Bortolotto¹,

Neumann²,

Trindade³

et al. 2018

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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This study shows that polymer nanogels (well-defined cross-linked nanoparticles behaving as highly hydrated unimolecular objects) are suitable capping agents for palladium nanoparticle catalyst systems. In spite of the structurally complex nature of the catalysts, it was possible to go from acrylate-based monomers to ready-to-use and recyclable catalysts in only two-steps. First, nanogels were synthesized by activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) method with sequential addition of monomers. Then, in the second step, palladium acetate was reduced to obtain ready-to-use catalysts (ca. 25 nm nanogel structures containing ca. 7 nm palladium nanoparticles). The catalytic activity was confirmed in p-nitrophenol (Nip) reduction and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. The observed rate constants (k obs ) for Nip reduction were in the range of 0.8-10.0 × 10 -2 s -1 depending on the polymeric capping agent structure, with the highest value being found for nanogel-based systems. These composite catalysts also mediated the cross-coupling Suzuki reaction providing the expected products in quantitative yields under relatively mild conditions after 4 h at 50 °C. The simplicity of catalyst preparation protocol that ensures excellent activity and the low concentration of polymer applied during the synthesis are a step forward in terms of environmental and economic prospects.

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Reducing Copper Concentration in Polymers Prepared via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Cited by 64 publications

References 66 publications

Horseradish Peroxidase as a Catalyst for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Horseradish Peroxidase as a Catalyst for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Computer‐Aided Optimization of Conditions for Fast and Controlled ICAR ATRP of n‐Butyl Acrylate

Palladium Nanoparticles within Core-Cross-Linked Polymer Gels for Suzuki Coupling Reactions: from Monomers to Ready-to-Use Catalysts in Two-Steps

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