Reducing power consumption of cellular networks by using various cell types and cell zooming

Abstract

Nowadays, it is urgent to manage the power consumption in cellular networks due to the increased amounts of CO2. As a result, this increased amount of CO2 released leads to severe threats for global warming and to an increase in the energy cost in the base stations. This problem arouse as soon as the evolution of mobile networks emerged especially in the last decades. As a result, we have witnessed a massive growth in the number of base stations all over the world in order to serve these highly increasing demands on cellular traffic. Hence, mobile operators need to meet these new demands in wireless cellular networks, while they have to maintain reasonable costs to keep high benefits and maintain high quality of service at in addition to decreasing energy consumption. This is the concept of Green Communication. In our paper, we propose a new solution that will help in reducing energy consumption. The solution is a centralized algorithm applied in a heterogeneous Long Term Evolution (LTE) network using Macro and Micro base stations, applied with a new Control Server that will be implemented using a newly introduced server in evolved cellular networks.

One Step Greener: Reducing 5G and Beyond Networks’ Carbon Footprint by 2-Tiering Energy Efficiency with CO2 Offsetting

“…Several cell zooming techniques have been present and discussed, with the ultimate aim of increasing EE, focusing, namely, on: (i) centralized and de-centralized algorithms [42]; (ii) non-cooperative game theory [43]; (iii) optimal user association [44]. Most recently, the usage of distributed antennas, namely, coordinated multipoint (CMoP) and energy efficient aware continuous cell zooming strategies, has been proposed [45,46].…”

Energy Efficient Design Techniques in Next-Generation Wireless Communication Networks: Emerging Trends and Future Directions

“…A hierarchical architecture implements several levels of network coverage that can be separately and judiciously controlled for efficiency: with an overbearing macrocell for coverage, smaller cells can be efficiently zoomed out or in [113], putting neighboring cells to sleep or limiting radiation energy to a small area for network service, respectively. Device-to-device communication can be implemented, offloading traffic from the BS [114,115].…”

Energy sustainable paradigms and methods for future mobile networks: A survey

“…2) Cell zooming: this method is also known as cell breathing, it is complementary to the above user association techniques and has been introduced to fill the coverage gaps that may occur as BSs go to sleep. It amounts to adjusting the cell size according to traffic conditions, leading to several benefits: (i) load balancing is achieved by transferring traffic from highly to lightly congested BSs, (ii) energy saving through sleeping strategies, (iii) user battery life and throughput enhancements [57]. To compute the right cell size, cell zooming adaptively adjust the transmit powers, antenna tilt angles, or height of active BSs.…”

“…Further, centralized and distributed cell zooming algorithms are proposed in [59], where a cell zooming server, which can be either implemented in a centralized or distributed fashion, controls the zooming procedure by setting its parameters based on traffic load distribution, user requirements, and Channel State Information (CSI). The same server-based solution can be found in [57]. A different approach is proposed in [60], where the authors design a BS switching mechanism based on a power control algorithm that is built upon non-cooperative game theory.…”