Reduction of ploidy level of tetraploid large-flowered garden pansies (Viola x wittrockiana Gams.) to diploid level after crossing with diploid V. tricolor L.

Karyologic and Heterosis Studies of the Artificial Inter- and Intraspecific Hybrids of Viola ×wittrockiana and Viola cornuta

“…The current large-flowered garden pansy (V. •wittrockiana) originated from a cross between V. tricolor (n = 13), V. lutea (n = 24), and V. altaica (n = 11) (Kroon, 1972). The chromosome number of the majority of pansy varieties is 2n = 48 according to Horn (1956), whereas Kroon (1972) reported 2n = 52 in the group Hollandse Reuzen (Hemelsblauw, Goudgeel, Wit). All of the inbred lines of V. •wittrockiana in our study were 2n = 48.…”

“…Melanium Ging. species (pansies), V. tricolor L., V. lutea Hudson, and V. altaica Ker-Gawler (Kroon, 1972). The species differs from wild pansies based on the absence of dark lines on the flower petals (nectar guides for pollinators) and the presence of huge blocks of color on the lower (anterior) and lateral petals called a ''face.''…”

“…New pansy varieties with different colors, such as shades of pink, rose, or orange, and unusual bicolor designs have been introduced and are available to gardeners. Studies using a simple selection method to reduce the ploidy level by crossing with diploids to improve uniformity, as well as an increase of polyploidy by mutagenesis to maximize plant morphologic and physiologic characters, have already been performed (Dalbato et al, 2013;Kroon, 1972;Lagibo et al, 2005). Lagibo et al (2005) demonstrated the positive influence of increased polyploid level on frost tolerance and winter survival of garden pansy.…”