AIDS is one of the greatest pandemics of our time, affecting the health and the social and economic foundations of countries worldwide. A potent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine offers the best hope for controlling the spread of the virus. While a single immune correlate has not been identified, both antibodies and CD8 T-cell responses contribute to control of infection with HIV or the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and disease progression (5, 17, 23, 28, 35-39, 43, 46, 58). Appropriately designed envelope immunogens able to induce broad, potent neutralizing antibodies have not yet been achieved, but vaccine-elicited virus-specific cellular immune responses have been more readily elicited. Both DNA and recombinant viral vectors have emerged as prominent candidate vaccines for this purpose. Although DNA vaccines are not as immunogenic as other vectored vaccines, a variety of approaches can enhance their potency (20). Further, the striking observations that DNA priming followed by boosting with an adenovirus (Ad) or modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-vectored vaccine elicits enhanced immunity and protective efficacy (3, 59) suggest that among many available vectors (27) other DNA-vector combinations might be equally or more potent.Increasing knowledge of cytokine networks and their influences on the immune system has provided new opportunities for vaccine design and propelled the field toward tailored immune responses. IL-12, first described as natural killer (NK) cell stimulatory factor (25), and IL-15 (18) are among promising candidate cytokine adjuvants for directing such tailored immune responses. Both interleukins have strong effects on NK cells and T cells, influencing the magnitude and quality of cellular responses (1,4,15,30,63). IL-12 acts as adjuvant for both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. When administered as a DNA expression vector in combination with other DNA vaccines, it increased cellular immunity in mice (24) and enhanced both humoral and cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques (11,13,57,61). Recently, the addition of IL-12 DNA plasmids to a SIVgag DNA vaccine regimen and to a prime/ boost DNA/vesicular stomatitis virus-SIVgag regimen increased protective efficacy against a SHIV 89.6P challenge (11,13). IL-15, in contrast, primarily increases cellular immunity and is important for development of memory T cells (44).