Reductive leaching of gallium from zinc residue

Wu, Xiangting; Wu, Shun-Ke; Qin, Wenqing; Ma, Xi-hong; Niu, Yin-jian; Lai, Shaoshi; Yang, Congren; Jiao, Fen; Ren, Liuyi

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.016

Cited by 52 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Lee and Nam has reported quantitative extraction of gallium from gallium arsenide scrap using HNO 3 as lixiviant at a concentration of 2.5 M . Reductive leaching of gallium from zinc residue has been reported by Wu et al ,. where quantitative leaching of gallium using SO 2 and H 2 SO 4 as lixiviant has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Lee and Nam 15 has reported quantitative extraction of gallium from gallium arsenide scrap using HNO 3 as lixiviant at a concentration of 2.5M. Reductive leaching of gallium from zinc residue has been reported by Wu et al 16 , where quantitative leaching of gallium using SO 2 and H 2 SO 4 as lixiviant has been reported. Furthermore, the recovery of indium and (or) gallium through hydrometallurgical technique from thin-film solar panel, 17 zinc sulfide concentrate, 18 copper indium gallium diselenide, 19 and ITO waste target 20 has also been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Recycling of GaN, a Refractory eWaste Material: Understanding the Chemical Thermodynamics

Swain

Mishra

Lee

et al. 2015

Int J Applied Ceramic Tech

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South Korea is a major producer of light‐emitting diode (LED) material, contributing 31% of total LED demand worldwide, and also a major consumer of electronic devices. During manufacturing and after end of life (EOL) of the consumer electronics, significant amount of GaN‐bearing waste is being generated. As the Republic of Korea depends upon the import of all mineral commodities, under the national policy of securing a stable supply, much attention has been paid to the notion of “urban mining.” The stringent international environmental directive for recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) E‐Waste Management goal, restriction of the use of hazardous substances in EEE (RoHS), and extended producer responsibility (EPR) have made recycling an important responsibility. Recovery of the gallium from GaN‐bearing waste can be a promising feasible option; simultaneously from the waste, the wealth can be generated. As GaN is a refractory material, which is hard to leach in the recovery process, hence, needs a chemical pretreatment. In this study, thermodynamics of GaN oxidation and oxidative roasting using Na2CO3 has been studied. Thermodynamic feasibility for leaching of oxidized GaN either through acidic leaching or through alkali leaching has been explored.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Recycling of GaN, a Refractory eWaste Material: Understanding the Chemical Thermodynamics

Swain

Mishra

Lee

et al. 2015

Int J Applied Ceramic Tech

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“…Figure shows that, in 2011, 21,036 t (metric tonnes) of Ga were extracted from the lithosphere from three different attractor sources: 12,950 t from bauxite extracted for Al production that year, 906 t from sphalerite extracted for Zn production that year, and 7,180 t from fly ash produced as a by‐product of coal (see section 1.1 in the supporting information on the Web). Taking into account the current mining efficiencies (42% for bauxite [Lahiri et al ; Zhao et al ]), 87.22% for Zn considering (Wu et al ; Harbuck ) (section 1.2.2 in the supporting information on the Web) the 90% of Zn extracted by hydrometallurgical means (Initiative Zink/Zn ), and 90% from coal fly ash (Fang and Gesser ), the potentially available amount of Ga from these sources in 2011 is reduced to 12,612 t (sections 1.1 and 1.2 in the supporting information on the Web). This potential supply of Ga is more than 40 times the amount of Ga mined that year (292 t [Jaskula ]).…”

Section: Substance Flow Analyses Of Scarce Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles

Licht¹,

Peiró²,

Villalba³

2015

J of Industrial Ecology

133

122

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SummaryThis study provides a global substance flow analysis for gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), and indium (In) for 2011, quantifying the amount of metal lost during extraction, beneficiation/smelting/refining, manufacturing of intermediate products, and the amount embodied in end-use products. Thus far, studies illustrating their cradle to end-use life cycle on a global scale are either missing or outdated, and thus opportunities to increase their supply remain unknown and/or not quantified. The results illustrate the losses and inefficiencies stages, thereby identifying potential additional supply by process improvement, recovery, and recycling. Results show that there are significant opportunities to meet future demand of Ga and Ge by concentrating recovery efforts in the extraction and beneficiation/smelting/refining stages. Further, 1.4% Ga, 0.7% Ge, and 54% In of the theoretical available amount in the attractor ores are extracted to meet the primary refined demand in 2011. Of the 9,065 tonnes (t) of Ga embodied in the Bayer liquor (from aluminum production), only 263 t are refined. This is owing to low capacities of Ga refining, combined with a refining efficiency of 60%. Ge presents a similar case for the same reasons, in which only 43 t of Ge of the 7,636 t of Ge available from zinc leach residue are refined. Meeting future In demand, on the other hand, will require greater efforts in increasing end-of-life recycling. Process efficiencies for Ga (46%), Ge (56%), and In (78%) demonstrate further potential. We quantify the flows into use by distinguishing among dissipative and nondissipative end uses, as well as the recyclable fraction for each metal for 2011. Keywords:criticality industrial ecology metal demand scarce metals sustainable metal management waste Supporting information is available on the JIE Web site

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“…Besides, gallium is also recycled from scrap generated in the process of manufacturing GaAs-and GaN-based devices. During the past few decades, studies have been carried out on recovering gallium from various sources, which included Bayer liquor [4][5][6], aluminum industry residues [7], coal fly ash [8,9], industrial zinc or copper processing residues [2,[10][11][12], phosphorus flue dust [13], and corundum slags, among others [14]. In addition, flue dust generated from the process of producing brown corundum was also found to be an important source of gallium, because the gallium content in it was relatively high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Gallium from Corundum Flue Dust by Two-Stage Alkali Leaching, Carbonation, Acid Leaching and Solvent Extraction Process

Kang

Jiang

Zhou

et al. 2018

Metals

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Flue dust generated during the process of manufacturing corundum is a carrier of critical metal gallium. In this study, a process of alkali leaching-carbonation-acid leaching-solvent extraction was developed to recover and enrich gallium from corundum flue dust. Over 93% of the gallium in corundum flue dust could be recovered through a two-stage alkali leaching process, which consists of 120 min of concentrated alkali leaching in NaOH solution and a subsequent 30-min dilute alkali leaching (after dilution), with an alkali-to-ore mass ratio of 1.2:1. Liquid to solid ratios in two alkali leaching stages were 1.5:1 and 8:1, respectively. The carbonation process was employed to remove high-level Si in alkali leachate. After carbonation and HCl leaching, over 96% of gallium in the NaOH leachate could be dissolved into acid solution. After extracting gallium from the HCl leachate using N235 as extracting agent, 1% NaOH solution was used to strip gallium from the organic phase. The extraction and stripping efficiency of gallium was over 99% and 97%, respectively.

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Reductive leaching of gallium from zinc residue

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

Recycling of GaN, a Refractory eWaste Material: Understanding the Chemical Thermodynamics

Recycling of GaN, a Refractory eWaste Material: Understanding the Chemical Thermodynamics

Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles

Recovery of Gallium from Corundum Flue Dust by Two-Stage Alkali Leaching, Carbonation, Acid Leaching and Solvent Extraction Process

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