Reference electrode with free-flowing free-diffusion liquid junction

Dohner, R. E.; Wegmann, Dorothée; Morf, Werner E.; Simon, W.

doi:10.1021/ac00125a053

Cited by 120 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Both kinds of salt bridge are sealed with a separator (capillary, porous ceramic plug, frit, ground glass sleeve, or other). From the separator of the single salt bridge, which is in contact with the measured medium, its filling solution (e.g., saturated KCl solution of the RE half-cell) always flows or diffuses, even if the filling solution is gel-stabilized [10,14,15]. This can give rise to an anomalous liquid junction potential when it contacts the suspension particles.…”

Section: Devices and Their Application In Practical "Soil Ph" Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for potentiometric measurements in suspensions Part A. The suspension effect (IUPAC Technical Report)

Oman

Camões

Powell

et al. 2007

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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An explanation of the origin and interpretation of the suspension effect (SE) is presented in accordance with "pH Measurement: IUPAC Recommendations 2002" [Pure Appl. Chem.74, 2169 (2002)]. It is based on an analysis of detailed schemes of suspension potentiometric cells and confirmed with experimental results. Historically, the term "suspension effect" evolved during attempts to determine electrochemically the thermodynamically defined activity of H+ (aq) in suspensions. The experimental SE arises also in determining other pIon values, analogous to pH values.The SE relates to the observation that for the potential generated when a pair of electrodes (e.g., reference electrode, RE, and glass electrode) is placed in a suspension, the measured cell voltage is different from that measured when they are both placed in the separate equilibrium solution (eqs). The SE is defined here as the sum of: (1) the difference between the mixed potential of the indicator electrode (IE) in a suspension and the IE potential placed in the separated eqs; and (2) the anomalous liquid junction potential of the RE placed in the suspension. It is not the consequence of a boundary potential between the sediment and its eqs in the suspension potentiometric cells as is stated in the current definition of the SE.

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Section: Devices and Their Application In Practical "Soil Ph" Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for potentiometric measurements in suspensions Part A. The suspension effect (IUPAC Technical Report)

Oman

Camões

Powell

et al. 2007

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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“…15) were utilized. Additionally, special Ag/ AgCI electrodes have been developed with bias potentials below 0.1 mV.…”

Section: Reference Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration-Free Measurement of Sodium and Potassium in Undiluted Human Serum with an Electrically Symmetric Measuring System

et al. 1992

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The limitations of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) presently in use mainly concern the stability of the calibration values. By applying optimal membrane technologies and optimized reference electrodes a perfectly symmetric measuring system including a symmetric ISE membrane has been developed. Thus, stable standard potentials of the cell assembly, both before and after serum contact, as well as theoretical slopes of the electrode response have been obtained. Results of calibration-free assays of K+ and Na+ concentrations in aqueous calibration solutions and in undiluted human serum are presented. The precision required in fully met for K+ measurements in aqueous solutions and in sera of the normal as well as pathological concentration range. In addition, the precision of Na+ assays in aqueous calibration solutions and in serum samples of the normal concentration range is close to the required values.

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“…I I membrane II 0.01 M NaC1, AgC1; Ag. A description of the reference electrode used is given in [13]. Selectivity factors were determined by the separate solution method (SSM) [14] at 210 with 0.1M Na + salts of the different anions which were buffered with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris) and H2SO4 to pH 7.5.…”

Section: Selectivity Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromotive behaviour of anion selective membranes with triorganotin acetates as ionophores and nucleophiles as additives

Wuthier

Simon

1986

Mikrochim Acta

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Abstract. The electromotive behaviour of neutral carrier based C1--selective electrodes can be improved if lipophilic nucleophiles are added to the membrane phase containing triorganotin acetates as anion carriers. The addition of about 50 mol-% octadecanethiol to diethyl-n-hexyltin acetate as ionophore leads to improved sensor response times and to slopes of the electrode response function close to the Nernstian behaviour.

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Reference electrode with free-flowing free-diffusion liquid junction

Cited by 120 publications

References 24 publications

Guidelines for potentiometric measurements in suspensions Part A. The suspension effect (IUPAC Technical Report)

Guidelines for potentiometric measurements in suspensions Part A. The suspension effect (IUPAC Technical Report)

Calibration-Free Measurement of Sodium and Potassium in Undiluted Human Serum with an Electrically Symmetric Measuring System

Electromotive behaviour of anion selective membranes with triorganotin acetates as ionophores and nucleophiles as additives

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