Reference Values for Testicular Volume, Epididymal Head Size and Peak Systolic Velocity of the Testicular Artery in Adult Males Measured by Ultrasonography

Pilatz, Adrian; Rusz, A.; Wagenlehner, F.; Weidner, W.; Altinkilic, B.

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1313077

Cited by 30 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(34 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, according to our recent experience (14), obesity could have a negative impact on male fertility as shown by the presence of a negative correlation between BMI and TV. The same evidence holds true for age, confirming another study (negative relationship between age and TV) (9).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The velocity analysis was considered normal in the presence oflow resistance, a prolonged systolic phase, flow maintenance during diastole and a low resistance index (IR: 0.62). Systolic flow speed along the centripetal arteries was considered normal if it was lower than 15 ern/ sec and/or between 4 and 12 em/sec (9,10,14).…”

Section: Scrotal Ultrasound Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Increased Lymphocyte Concentration in the Semen of Patients with Reduced Testicular Volume

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Low testicular volume (TV) is associated with a decreased testicular function. Several studies explored the conventional sperm parameters and the endocrine function in patients with low TV. No other parameters have been examined. On the basis of these premises, the aim of this study was to evaluate a non-conventional seminal parameter: seminal lymphocyte characterisation in men with low TV compared with that of subjects with normal TV. A further comparison was made between fertile men and infertile patients with low or normal TV (78 patients). The testis was considered normal in size when it had a volume between 15 and 25 crrr', low-normal with a volume between 10 and 12 em" and hypotrophic when the volume was <10 cnr'. Statistically significant differences were observed in the following sperm parameters: percentage of immature germ elements, peroxidase-positive leukocyte concentration and CD45pos leukocytes (p<0.05). A correlation analysis showed the presence of a positive linear relationship between CD45pos leukocytes and the percentage of immature germ elements (r=0.88; p<0.05) and between CD45pos leukocytes and the percentage of spermatozoa with phosphatidylserine externalisation (r=0.90; p<0.05) as well as a negative linear relationship between the percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology and the seminal CD45pos leukocyte concentration (r=-0.75; p<0.05). The results of this study showed that patients with low testicular volume «10 em') have a significantly increased CD45pos concentration that is associated with increased percentages of immature germ elements, spermatozoa with signs of early apoptosis, and spermatozoa with abnormal morphology.The testis is an oval-shaped organ that, in adult men, weighs approximately 20 g, has an average volume (TV) of 18.6±4.8 em' and dimensions ranging from 3.6 to 5.5 em in length and 2.1 to 3.5 ern in width. Within the testis, there are approximately 400-600 seminiferous tubules that are 70-80 em long and have a diameter of 0.12-0.13 mm, representing 80-90% of the total testicular volume (1). The testis consists of two structurally distinct compartments: the interstitial cell or Leydig cell compartment and the seminiferous tubule compartment, which contains germ cells and Sertoli cells. These two compartments are responsible for the two main testicular actions: the endocrine and the exocrine function (production of androgens and spermatozoa). In the clinical practice, TV can be estimated by a physical examination using an orchidometer, but it can be more objectively assessed by an ultrasound examination, which is less affected by factors such as scrotal effusions, varicose veins, intra-scrotal masses, testicular pain, and distinction with the adjacent anatomical structures (2). It has

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Scrotal Ultrasound Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Lymphocyte Concentration in the Semen of Patients with Reduced Testicular Volume

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The velocity analyses were considered normal when low resistance, a prolonged systolic phase, flow maintenance during diastole and a low resistance index were present (IR: 0.62). Systolic flow speed along the centripetal arteries was considered normal if it was lower than 15 cm s –1 and/or between 4 and 12 cm s –1 81213…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male accessory gland inflammation prevalence in type 2 diabetic patients with symptoms possibly reflecting autonomic neuropathy

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Male accessory gland inflammation or infection (MAGI) is a potentially underdiagnosed complication of type 2 diabetes (DM2); specifically, we reported in a recent study that the frequency of MAGI was 43% among DM2 patients. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is associated with a peculiar ultrasound characterization of the seminal vesicles (SVs) in DM2 patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of MAGI in two different categories of DM2 patients (i.e. patients with and without symptoms that possibly reflect DAN) and the respective ultrasound characterizations. Sixty DM2 patients with a mean (± s.e.m.) age of 42.0 ± 6.0 years (range: 34–47 years) were classified according to the presence or the absence of symptoms that could possibly reflect DAN (group A: DM2 with symptoms possibly reflecting DAN, n = 28 patients and group B: DM2 without symptoms possibly reflecting DAN, n = 32 patients). The patients in Group A exhibited a significantly higher frequency of MAGI compared with those in group B patients (P < 0.05); moreover, the Group A patients exhibited a significantly higher frequency of ultrasound signs suggestive of vesiculitis (P < 0.05). Finally, the concentrations of lymphocytes but not the concentrations of the leukocytes in the semen were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group A compared with group B.

show abstract

“…USCD and MRI evaluated any parenchymal alteration and morphovolumetry of the testis with the ellipsoid method (length x width x height x 0.52) considering a normal volume 17+/-5.5 mL [23].…”

Section: Imaging Technique and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of MR Spectroscopy (H1-MRS) of the Testis in Men with Semen Analysis Altered

Parenti¹,

Albarello²

2016

Reprod Syst Sex Disord

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) has been proposed as a tool to assess male infertility providing metabolic signatures related to the spermatogenesis in the testis. This study sought to identify the role of 1 H-MRS in the diagnosis of infertility in patients with semen analysis altered. Materials and Methods:14 patients (27 testicles) with fertility problems and with an altered semen analysis (5 oligospermia, 3 asthenospermia, 6 oligoasthenospermia) and 9 controls (18 testicles) with normal spermatogenesis assessed (men with prior paternity and normal semen analysis) and normal testicles at magnetic resonance (MR) and ultrasonography (US) with colour Doppler (CD) examination were included. All patients underwent testis US and CD investigation, conventional MR examination at 1.5T including T1 and T2 weighted images in three orthogonal planes and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) with single-voxel PRESS (TR 2000 ms / TE 31 ms). Major metabolites peaks (choline, creatine, lipids, lactate) were calculated and compared between the patients and controls.Results: Mean choline peak in the semen analysis altered group was statistically significantly lower than the normal group (0.69 vs 1.34, 95% CI: 0.52 -0.85; p < 0.001). 18 testicles within semen analysis altered group (66,7%) had both MR and US examination negative but mean choline peak lower then controls (1.09 vs 1.34, p < 0.001). 7 testicles of those presented also varicocele at CD investigation. Conclusion:1 H-MRS revealed a significant shift towards lower choline peak in patients with semen analysis altered compared to controls with normal spermatogenesis. Moreover 1 HMRS provided to find out spermatogenesis disorder in patients with normal testis at MR and US examination.

show abstract

Reference Values for Testicular Volume, Epididymal Head Size and Peak Systolic Velocity of the Testicular Artery in Adult Males Measured by Ultrasonography

Cited by 30 publications

References 16 publications

Increased Lymphocyte Concentration in the Semen of Patients with Reduced Testicular Volume

Increased Lymphocyte Concentration in the Semen of Patients with Reduced Testicular Volume

Male accessory gland inflammation prevalence in type 2 diabetic patients with symptoms possibly reflecting autonomic neuropathy

Role of MR Spectroscopy (H1-MRS) of the Testis in Men with Semen Analysis Altered

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About