Refinement of the Episkin® protocol for the assessment of acute skin irritation of chemicals: follow-up to the ECVAM prevalidation study

Portes, Pascal; Grandidier, Marie-Hélène; Cohen, C.; Roguet, R.

doi:10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00090-5

Cited by 62 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…During 1999 and 2000, ECVAM commissioned a validation study of five in vitro tests for acute skin irritation. This study specifically addressed aspects of protocol refinement (phase I), protocol transfer (phase II), and protocol performance (phase III), in accordance with the scheme defined by ECVAM (Botham, 2004; Fentem et al., 2001; Portes et al., 2002). Results indicated an acceptable intra‐laboratory reproducibility.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the use of various experimental protocols which differ in the concentrations of the applied irritants used, the time of exposure, and the time of incubation made it difficult to create a standardized protocol for assessing irritation in vitro (Welss et al., 2004). Protocol refinements and improvements in 2007 enabled two skin reconstruct models to be validated by ECVAM for use as alternative methods in skin irritation tests (Botham, 2004; Fentem and Botham, 2002; Fentem et al., 2001; Hoffmann et al., 2008; Portes et al., 2002).…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Artificial skin in perspective: concepts and applications

Brohem¹,

Cardeal²,

Tiago³

et al. 2010

Pigment Cell Melanoma Res

216

131

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SummarySkin, the largest organ of the human body, is organized into an elaborate layered structure consisting mainly of the outermost epidermis and the underlying dermis. A subcutaneous adipose-storing hypodermis layer and various appendages such as hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels are also present in the skin. These multiple components of the skin ensure survival by carrying out critical functions such as protection, thermoregulation, excretion, absorption, metabolic functions, sensation, evaporation management, and aesthetics. The study of how these biological functions are performed is critical to our understanding of basic skin biology such as regulation of pigmentation and wound repair.Impairment of any of these functions may lead to pathogenic alterations, including skin cancers. Therefore, the development of genetically controlled and well characterized skin models can have important implications, not only for scientists and physicians, but also for manufacturers, consumers, governing regulatory boards and animal welfare organizations. As cells making up human skin tissue grow within an organized threedimensional (3D) matrix surrounded by neighboring cells, standard monolayer (2D) cell cultures do not recapitulate the physiological architecture of the skin. Several types of human skin recombinants, also called artificial skin, that provide this critical 3D structure have now been reconstructed in vitro. This review contemplates the use of these organotypic skin models in different applications, including substitutes to animal testing.

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Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial skin in perspective: concepts and applications

Brohem¹,

Cardeal²,

Tiago³

et al. 2010

Pigment Cell Melanoma Res

216

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…4 The in vitro approach that consists in the use of excised or reconstructed skin for validation tests (percutaneous absorption, toxicological risks, development of drugs, safety studies for cosmetic products) appears to be therefore inevitable. 1,5 This approach has been adopted by the ''guideline test'' 428 of the OECD (organization for economic co-operation and development). 6 The present sources for excised human skin are not sufficient to cover the need; therefore animal skin mainly from rat and pig are used instead.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 Since then, different models of reconstructed skin were developed, studied, and commercialized. 1,3,5,11,12 These models were characterized and compared by several techniques to natural skin, excised human skin, and animal model skin (rat and pig). 13,14 Among the techniques actually used to study the skin, Raman spectroscopy presents the advantages of being nondestructive, it also allows a real-time structural and molecular analysis, without requiring any sample preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of reconstructed skin model by Raman microspectroscopy: Comparison with excised human skin

et al. 2007

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Human skin is directly exposed to different exogenous agents. Many research works have studied the diffusion, interactions, absorption mechanisms, and/or toxicity of these agents toward different cutaneous structures. With the use of living animals for such tests being more and more rejected; and the number of human volunteers being limited; different types of skin models are used. In the last few years, reconstructed epidermis from cell cultures has been frequently employed, and recent changes in the European chemical policy have approved and encouraged the use of these reconstructed models for skin‐related research works and assessments. Among the techniques used actually to study the skin, Raman microspectroscopy is a rising and powerful nondestructive technique that detects characteristic molecular vibrations. In this study, we created a spectral database to index the vibration peaks and bands of a well‐known reconstructed epidermis model, the Episkin®. The comparison with a native epidermis signal enabled us to put in evidence several spectral differences associated with molecular and structural differences between the skin and the reconstructed model, both maintained in living conditions. In addition to that, we have showed the feasibility of tracking the penetration of a pharmaceutical molecule through the Episkin model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 87: 261–274, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com

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“…Correlation between in vitro and in vivo data is high. The test was able to correctly identify corrosive and noncorrosive chemicals 89–91. The Skin2™ model in vitro skin corrosivity test uses a three‐dimensional human skin which has dermal, epidermal and corneal layers.…”

Section: Alternatives To Skin Corrosivitymentioning

confidence: 99%