Reflectometric frequency-modulation continuous-wave distributed fiber-optic stress sensor with forward coupled beams

Zheng, Gang; Campbell, M.; Wallace, Peter G.

doi:10.1364/ao.35.005722

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…These values for the resolution were obtained from the sensor output signal that is given by (4), which is conditioned by the signal-to-noise ratios both in the signal and reference frequencies. Therefore, it is also interesting to study the dependence of these ratios with the pump power.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and the capability of absolute measurement; it has also been widely used to construct various optical FMCW interferometers, fiber-optic FMCW interferometers, and fiber-optic FMCW interferometric sensors [4]. These developments deal with optical FMCW, i.e, it is the optical frequency that is chirped modulated in a particular format, but it is also feasible and often more simpler to perform subcarrier FMCW, where now it is the intensity of the light source that is chirped modulated.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave System for Optical Fiber Intensity Sensors With Optical Amplification

et al. 2009

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We report on the use of erbium doped fiber (EDF) amplification to enhance a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technique for referencing optical intensity sensors located between two Bragg grating structures. The experiment combines the concept of FMCW with the spectrally selective mirror properties of Bragg gratings to interrogate with referencing properties intensity based sensors. The interrogation system without amplification yields a sensor resolution of around 0.078 dB. When the EDF amplifier is introduced into the experimental set up, the sensor sensitivity does not change, but the signal-to-noise ratio is improved, resulting into an enhanced resolution of 0.025 dB. We also obtain a remote sensing operation at a location of 50 km, showing the feasibility of this configuration to be used as a remote sensing application.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave System for Optical Fiber Intensity Sensors With Optical Amplification

et al. 2009

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“…This type of stress sensor can be used to detect an applied transverse load and their orientation. [23] There are also many other architectures and principles for optical stress sensors, for example, the electro-optic compensation for photoelastic birefringence in a single crystal, [24] reflectometric frequency-modulation continuous-wave, [25] and the achromatic optical digital speckle pattern interferometry method to detect the stress [26] are also the designs and principles for optical stress sensors in the literature. To meet the everincreasing demand in global market, optical stress sensors will be developed to achieve superior sensitivity and enhanced reliability with a reduced cost in the future.…”

Section: Measuring the Changes In Peak Shiftmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Principle and Architectures of Optical Stress Sensors and the Progress on the Development of Microbend Optical Sensors

Wang

Yiu

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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For example, a graphene sensor has been used to detect various gas molecules such as NO 2 . [7] For important healthcare applications, medical devices built with sensors have been used to measure various vital signals such as blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose, etc. [8] For example, pressure sensors can be used to test the pulse [9] while chemical sensors allowed the measurement of lactate concentration in blood and analysis of sweat composition for the real time physiologic monitoring. [10] Among the various types of sensors mentioned above, stress sensors play an important role in the sensor family. With the rapid development in the Internet of Thing (IoT) and the big data technology [11] in recent years, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly significant, [12] accelerating the progress in robotics and automation. Because of this, stress sensors are more and more significant for the development of robotic science and AI technology, including artificial skin. [13] In addition, stress sensors can also be applied in photonics, for example microbend optical stress sensor is a typical application. With the advantages presented by microbend optical stress sensors, such as their flexibility, sensitivity, low-cost, and reliability, [14] they can be used in extreme environments, [15] which greatly extends the applied range of the stress sensors. Despite recent advancement of the microbend optical sensors, almost no review to account for the achievements and promote the future development in this area of research is found in the literature. In this review, the theoretical principles and the assembly of typical optical stress sensors are presented. Three physical mechanisms of the bend-loss-based optical stress sensors are introduced. As one type of the bend-loss-based optical stress sensor, the progress of microbend optical sensors for applications in various areas is discussed. The optical stress sensors have already shown potential in a broader spectrum of applications, from healthcare to robotic science. We anticipate that optical stress sensors, in particular microbend optical sensors, will continue to attract attention of researchers globally. This review provides a comprehensive information pack for the community to advance the future development in optical stress sensor. Optical Stress SensorsStress sensors are designed to sense changes in pressure. Traditional stress sensors detect the stress via the Optical stress sensors have been considered to be amongst the most important categories in the development of stress sensors. Recently, the advancement of microbend optical sensors has been playing a pivotal role in the stress sensor development. In this review, the principles and the architectures of the optical stress sensors are reviewed, and the physical mechanisms of the bend-loss-based optical stress sensors are presented. The latest development and applications of microbend optical sensors in key areas are discussed. The authors aim to provide some guidance in the optical sen...

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“…The central maximum and the zeros of the sinc function give the opportunity for the beat of the two waves to generate essentially a single line spectrum with maximum amplitude. For that the following condition must be satisfied [13][14][15][16][17]21]. Fig.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, sensor addressing is in frequency [13]. With proper design is conceptually possible, in addition to the presence of a signature in a specific spectral window that identifies a certain sensor, to follow the small frequency displacements of that signature that may be related to the small optical path variations induced by a certain measurand [14,15]. As already mentioned, this dual functionality (sensor addressing and interrogation) is highly advantageous for system design and implementation, settling the FMCW concept as a valuable tool within the optical fiber sensing technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of the frequency-modulated continuous wave technique for referencing and multiplexing intensity-based fiber optic sensors

et al. 2011

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In this paper, we demonstrate the interrogation of fiber optic intensity sensors by using the combination of the frequency-modulated continuous wave concept with the spectral selective reflectivity of fiber Bragg gratings. Thus, we multiplex these kinds of sensors with this technique having simultaneously a referenced system. The basis of this dual functionality is described and results are presented for the case of interrogation of two multiplexed intensity sensors. Their evaluation permits to establish the conditions to address a sensor network of this type. Also, it is proposed a strategy to implement this sensing approach without the requirement of using optical fiber delay lines in the sensor heads.

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Reflectometric frequency-modulation continuous-wave distributed fiber-optic stress sensor with forward coupled beams

Cited by 21 publications

References 5 publications

Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave System for Optical Fiber Intensity Sensors With Optical Amplification

Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave System for Optical Fiber Intensity Sensors With Optical Amplification

The Principle and Architectures of Optical Stress Sensors and the Progress on the Development of Microbend Optical Sensors

Optimization of the frequency-modulated continuous wave technique for referencing and multiplexing intensity-based fiber optic sensors

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