Refractive error of Saudi children enrolled in primary school and kindergarten measured with a spot screener

Yasir, Ziaul Haq; Almadhi, Nada H; Tarabzouni, Salma; Alhommadi, Abdulrahman; Khandekar, Rajiv

doi:10.4103/ojo.ojo_62_2017

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The validity of RE detection even in young children is very high. [ 17 31 ] Therefore, the outcomes are comparable between groups. Ophthalmologists examined all children with ocular disease/pathology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To calculate the sample size for this retrospective cohort study, we assumed a 70% prevalence of refractive error (RE) and other eye ailments among orphan children and 45% in healthy school children. [ 17 ] To achieve 95% confidence interval (CI) and 80% power to the study with a 1: 2 ratio, at least 50 children were required in Group 1 and at least 100 in Group 2. Open Epi Statcalc was used for calculating the sample size(Rollin School of Pblic Health, Emory university, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2018, medical students visited Saudi preparatory and secondary schools in Riyadh to perform vision and RE screening (1633-P). [ 17 ] The data from this screening were used to collect randomly selected healthy children for Group 2 to review vision, RE, and ocular diseases. These groups also included data of another research project for reviewing vision and ocular disease among children in kindergarten (1633-P).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of outcomes of vision and eye screening of children of four orphanages and school children of Riyadh

Nawaysir

Saeedan

AlMusa

et al. 2020

Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol

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PURPOSE: The purpose was to compare vision and ocular disease among orphans to age-matched school children and determine the barriers they faced for ophthalmic care in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Children of four orphanages of Riyadh (Gr1) were screened for vision refractive error (RE) and eye ailment on “World Sight Day–2019.” They were compared to age-matched school children (comparison group; Gr2). The rates of RE, strabismus, amblyopia, and allergic conjunctivitis were estimated in two groups. The coverage of existing eye services for orphan children was reviewed. RESULTS: We screened 53 children of Gr1 and 106 school children of Gr2. The risk of RE was statistically significantly higher in school children compared to orphan children (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2; 4.8] P = 0.01). The coverage of refractive services for Gr1 was significantly lower than for Gr2 (OR = 0.09 [95% CI 0.02; 0.4] P = 0.001). In Gr1, blurry vision (12 children), red eye (2), and itchy eyes (1) were the main symptoms. In Gr2, no child had eye complaints. In Gr1, amblyopia (1), strabismus (1), history of ocular trauma and surgery (1), eye medications needed (2), and systemic health problems were noted in 9 children. In Gr2, amblyopia (4), strabismus (4), and history of ocular surgery were noted in 2 children. CONCLUSION: Orphan children had less rate of myopia compared to school children. However, unattended ocular pathologies were detected during the screening campaign. The coverage of refractive services was low in these underprivileged children compared to school children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparison of outcomes of vision and eye screening of children of four orphanages and school children of Riyadh

Nawaysir

Saeedan

AlMusa

et al. 2020

Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol

Self Cite

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Artificial intelligence improves accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of a handheld infrared eccentric autorefractor for adult refractometry

Cao¹,

Pan²,

Lu³

et al. 2022

Int J Ophthalmol

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AIM: To evaluate the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of a handheld infrared eccentric autorefractor (hICA) with artificial intelligence (AI) by comparing its refraction measurements to those recorded using hICA and a clinical table-mounted automatic refractor (TAR). METHODS: A cross-sectional study using three optometers, including hICA with or without AI and TAR, for refractometry of adults (aged 19-49 years old) with no signs of ocular disease or trauma in the absence of cycloplegia. Right and left eye refraction data were recorded, including the spherical equivalent (SE), diopter of spherical power (DS), diopter of cylindrical power (DC) decomposed into vectors J0 and J45, and measurement times. To avoid analytical difficulties associated with the interdependence of observations between eyes from the same individual, the Generalized Estimation Equation was used to compare the SE, DS, J0 and J45 measurements, and the times thereof, among the different groups. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to evaluate correlations among the measurements recorded by the three different instruments. Bland-Altman were used to analyze the precision of the equipment by the agreement. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients (140 eyes; mean age: 31.37y; range: 19-49y) were assessed using refractometry. In a brightly lit environment, there was no significant difference between the mean SE recorded using TAR and that recorded using hICA with AI or without AI (both P>0.05). In an intense-light environment, hICA equipped with AI showed a better detection rate than without AI. Light intensity had a greater effect on dioptric measurements recorded using hICA without AI (P<0.001) than on those recorded using the one equipped with AI (P<0.05). Measurement times varied significantly between the different light intensities and instruments (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: For the normal human eyes, AI may improve the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of measurements recorded using hICA in various light environments.

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Prevalence of Refractive Errors among Children in Saudi Arabia: A Systemic Review

Alghamdi¹

2021

TOOPHTJ

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Introduction: The aim of this review was to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors (RE) and uncorrected refractive error (URE) in school-aged children of 4 to 14 years of age in Saudi Arabia. Methods: An extensive search was performed for peer-reviewed studies with data from the Saudi population during the past 20 years. The Cochrane Library, Pubmed, and Embase databases were used. Two independent reviewers evaluated publications and extracted the data. The quality of the studies was evaluated based on a critical appraisal tool designed for systematic reviews. The pooled prevalence of refractive error, uncorrected refractive error and different types of refractive error were estimated by using the random-effects meta-analysis. Results and Discussion: Eight school-based studies were included in this review. Among the overall pooled population of 12,247childern, the estimated prevalence of refractive error was 17.5% (95% CI: 11.1- 25). In the five studies that reported uncorrected refractive error (N=10,198), the pooled prevalence was 16.8% (95% CI: 11.4 – 21.3). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was very similar among boys, 16.8 (95% CI: 10.8- 24.1), and girls, 17.7% (95% CI: 10.2 – 25.9). Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error and was present in 40.8% (95% CI: 16.1 – 69.9) followed by astigmatism 29.7% (95% CI: 6.1- 61.7) and hyperopia 28.3% (95% CI: 16.9 – 41.2). Conclusion: This review highlights the high prevalence of refractive errors and uncorrected refractive error among children in Saudi Arabia. More studies are required using standardised methods in different regions where there is a lack of information on UREs. It is recommended that vision screening programs of children for RE should be implemented at the community level and integrated into school health programmes in order to detect UREs and prevent amblyopia, which is one of the debilitating consequences of URE.

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Refractive error of Saudi children enrolled in primary school and kindergarten measured with a spot screener

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

Comparison of outcomes of vision and eye screening of children of four orphanages and school children of Riyadh

Comparison of outcomes of vision and eye screening of children of four orphanages and school children of Riyadh

Artificial intelligence improves accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of a handheld infrared eccentric autorefractor for adult refractometry

Prevalence of Refractive Errors among Children in Saudi Arabia: A Systemic Review

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