Refractive Errors and Factors Associated with Myopia in an Adult Japanese Population

Shimizu, Naoko; Nomura, Hideki; Ando, Fujiko; Niino, Naoakira; Miyake, Yoichi; Shimokata, Hiroshi

doi:10.1016/s0021-5155(02)00620-2

Cited by 113 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…17 The effect of tertiary education in our study appears to be larger than previously published. 2,17 Educated myopes may have been overrepresented in our study sample compared to the cohort. An explanation for this possible bias could be that, owing to the voluntary attendance for the study, educated myopes were more likely to volunteer and attend the study than noneducated myopes.…”

Section: Eyementioning

confidence: 68%

“…1,2 The aetiology of myopia is considered multifactorial with a tight interaction between genetic and environmental factors. 3 Twin studies have shown that myopia has a major genetic component and many studies have linked myopia to near work and years of education.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Twin studies have shown that myopia has a major genetic component and many studies have linked myopia to near work and years of education. 2,[4][5][6][7] Reduced daily exposure to darkness has also been identified as a potential risk factor in both adults and children under the age of 2 years. 8,9 Data concerning risk factors of myopia in Greek individuals is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Near work, education, family history, and myopia in Greek conscripts

Konstantopoulos¹,

Yadegarfar

Elgohary

2007

Eye

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Aims To investigate potential factors associated with the presence of myopia in a cohort of young adult men carrying out their military service in Greece. Methods A nested case-control study of 200 conscripts (99 myopes and 101 non-myopes). The cohort consisted of approximately 1000 conscripts in compulsory national service. All cohort members had been screened for refractive errors by Snellen visual acuity measurement at presentation to military service; individuals not achieving visual activity 6/6 underwent noncycloplaegic refraction. The study sample consisted of the first 99 myopic and 101 nonmyopic conscripts who attended the study. In-person interviews of these 200 conscripts were conducted to obtain information on family history, occupation, level of education, near-work activities, and sleeping behaviour. v 2 and Mann-Whitney tests were used as univariate analysis methods to identify the potential factors associated with the presence of myopia. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk of myopia. Results Univariate analysis showed that parental family history (Po0.001), older age (Po0.001), tertiary education (Po0.001), hours of reading per day (Po0.001), hours of computer use per day (Po0.001), and higher social classes (Po0.001) were associated with myopia. Sleeping in artificial or ambient light was not associated with myopia (P ¼ 0.75). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older age (OR ¼ 1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.49), tertiary education (OR ¼ 12.67, 95% CI 3.57-44.88) and parental family history (OR ¼ 3.39, 95% CI 1.56-7.36) were independently associated with myopia. Conclusion In young Greek conscripts, parental family history, older age, and education level are independently associated with myopia.

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Section: Eyementioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Near work, education, family history, and myopia in Greek conscripts

Konstantopoulos¹,

Yadegarfar

Elgohary

2007

Eye

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“…In addition, our refraction data pertaining to the non-contact lens wearers without SAC were in excellent agreement with the refraction data of the healthy Asian population. 5 These results suggest that with respect to the non-contact lens wearers, patients with SAC are more myopic than healthy individuals. Therefore, the myopia may be relevant in SAC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Myopia is associated with education levels and socioeconomic factors. 5 Moreover, educational level appears to be associated with the risk of allergic sensitization, 7 and higher socioeconomic status is associated with high multiple allergen concentrations in house dust. 8,9 High humidity and warm temperature in high-income homes are optimal conditions for mite growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between refraction and allergic conjunctivitis

Mimura

Arimoto

et al. 2007

Eye

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Purpose External allergens are the main causative factor in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases; however, little is known about internal factors such as the biometrical structure of the eye. We investigated the relationship between refractive error and allergic conjunctivitis in order to reveal possible insights into the pathogenesis in 1015 subjects. Methods The patients were divided into four groups: contact lens wearers with allergic conjunctivitis (n ¼ 73), contact lens wearers without allergic conjunctivitis (n ¼ 59), non-contact lens wearers with allergic conjunctivitis (n ¼ 224), and non-contact lens wearers without allergic conjunctivitis (n ¼ 659). The spherical power, cylindrical power, corneal radius, and minimum and maximum corneal refractive powers were measured in all subjects. Results In the non-contact lens wearers, the spherical equivalent and spherical power were significantly lower in patients with allergic conjunctivitis than in patients without allergic conjunctivitis (À3.0173.83 D vs À1.3673.08 D, Po0.0001, and À2.6473.63 D vs À1.0572.88 D, Po0.0001, respectively), while there was no significant difference in any of the parameters between the contact lens wearers with and without allergic conjunctivitis. Conclusion Refractive error may be a risk factor for allergic conjunctivitis.

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Relationship of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity With Myopia Progression and Axial Elongation in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial

Hyman

Gwiazda²,

Hussein³

et al. 2005

Arch Ophthalmol

204

158

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To identify the baseline factors independently related to 3-year myopia progression and axial elongation in COMET.Methods: A total of 469 children were enrolled, randomly assigned to progressive addition lenses with aϩ2.00 diopter (D) addition or to single vision lenses and observed for 3 years. Eligible children were 6 to 11 years old, with spherical equivalent myopia of − 1.25 to−4.50 D, bilaterally. The primary and secondary outcomes, myopia progression by cycloplegic autorefraction and axial elongation by A-scan ultrasonography, were measured annually. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for covariates, including treatment.Results: Younger baseline age (6-7 vs 11 years, 8 vs 11 years, and 9 vs 11 years, PϽ.001; 10 vs 11 years, P=.04), female sex (P=.01), and each ethnic group compared with African Americans (Asian, P = .02; Hispanic, P = .002; mixed, P=.002; white, P = .001) were independently as-sociated with faster 3-year progression. Children aged 6 to 7 years had the fastest progression of all age groups, progressing by a mean (±SD) of 1.31 D±0.13 more than children aged 11 years. Females progressed 0.16 D more than the males. Children of mixed, Hispanic, Asian, and white ethnicity progressed more than African American children by 0.49 D±0.16, 0.33 D±0.11, 0.32 D±0.13, 0.27 D±0.08, respectively. Age and ethnicity, but not sex, were independently associated with axial elongation. Among these myopic children, a 0.5 mm increase in axial length was associated with 1 D of myopia progression.Conclusions: Younger baseline age was the strongest factor independently associated with faster myopic progression and greater axial elongation at 3 years. African American children had less myopic progression and axial elongation than the other ethnic groups.

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Refractive Errors and Factors Associated with Myopia in an Adult Japanese Population

Cited by 113 publications

References 23 publications

Near work, education, family history, and myopia in Greek conscripts

Near work, education, family history, and myopia in Greek conscripts

Relationship between refraction and allergic conjunctivitis

Relationship of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity With Myopia Progression and Axial Elongation in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial

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