Early and appropriate treatment of urinary tract infection, especially during the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms, diminishes the likelihood of renal involvement during the acute phase of the infection but does not prevent scar formation.
Aims To investigate potential factors associated with the presence of myopia in a cohort of young adult men carrying out their military service in Greece. Methods A nested case-control study of 200 conscripts (99 myopes and 101 non-myopes). The cohort consisted of approximately 1000 conscripts in compulsory national service. All cohort members had been screened for refractive errors by Snellen visual acuity measurement at presentation to military service; individuals not achieving visual activity 6/6 underwent noncycloplaegic refraction. The study sample consisted of the first 99 myopic and 101 nonmyopic conscripts who attended the study. In-person interviews of these 200 conscripts were conducted to obtain information on family history, occupation, level of education, near-work activities, and sleeping behaviour. v 2 and Mann-Whitney tests were used as univariate analysis methods to identify the potential factors associated with the presence of myopia. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted relative risk of myopia. Results Univariate analysis showed that parental family history (Po0.001), older age (Po0.001), tertiary education (Po0.001), hours of reading per day (Po0.001), hours of computer use per day (Po0.001), and higher social classes (Po0.001) were associated with myopia. Sleeping in artificial or ambient light was not associated with myopia (P ¼ 0.75). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older age (OR ¼ 1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.49), tertiary education (OR ¼ 12.67, 95% CI 3.57-44.88) and parental family history (OR ¼ 3.39, 95% CI 1.56-7.36) were independently associated with myopia. Conclusion In young Greek conscripts, parental family history, older age, and education level are independently associated with myopia.
The end of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era was marked in 2015, and while maternal and child mortality have been halved, MGD 4 and MDG 5 are off-track at the global level. Reductions in neonatal death rates (age <1 month) lag behind those for post-neonates (age 1-59 months), and stillbirth rates (omitted from the MDGs) have been virtually unchanged. Hence, almost half of under-five deaths are newborns, yet about 80% of these are preventable using cost-effective interventions. The Every Newborn Action Plan has been endorsed by the World Health Assembly and ratified by many stakeholders and donors to reduce neonatal deaths and stillbirths to 10 per 1000 births by 2035. The plan provides an evidence-based framework for scaling up of essential interventions across the continuum of care with the potential to prevent the deaths of approximately three million newborns, mothers, and stillbirths every year. Two million stillbirths and newborns could be saved by care at birth and care of small and sick newborns, giving a triple return on investment at this key time. Commitment, investment, and intentional leadership from global and national stakeholders, including all healthcare professionals, can make these ambitious goals attainable.
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