Refugee Problems in Bangladesh

Kamaluddin, A. F. M.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5309-3_14

Cited by 3 publications

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“…After years of brutal repression at the hands of the Pakistani authorities, and a war in which millions of Bengalis were killed, the country's wounds are deep. In Dhaka city alone, one third of the population are thought to have lost their lives during the fighting (Kamuluddin, 1985). As a result of this history, and the stigma towards camp residents that remains, the political and moral recognition necessary for citizenship to be exercised effectively simply has not been achieved.…”

Section: Social and Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is particularly apparent in the region of East Bengal (formerly East Pakistan, present day Bangladesh) where many of Partition's refugees were displaced for a second time less than twenty-five years later. The War of Liberation in 1971, produced one of the greatest war-related migrations ever known (Kamuluddin, 1985). Over one third of East Pakistan's seventy-five million people are thought to have been displaced.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over one third of East Pakistan's seventy-five million people are thought to have been displaced. Nearly ten million people took refuge in India and the UN estimate sixteen million people were displaced within East Pakistan's borders (Kamuluddin, 1985;Kosinski and Maudood, 1985). In 1972 some returned to their homes, although the precise number is unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Re-bordering Camp and City: ‘Race', Space and Citizenship in Dhaka

Redclift¹

2017

The SAGE Handbook of the 21st Century City

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Re-bordering Camp and City: 'Race', space and citizenship in Dhaka The relationship between 'race', space and citizenship has been a central feature of urban sociology since the studies of African-American urban segregation at the end of the nineteenth century (Du Bois, 1899; Haynes, 1913). It is typically associated with the study of the 'ghetto' or 'ethnic enclave' and with immigrant communities rather than displaced people or refugees. With a few notable exceptions (Sanyal, 2012; 2014) interest in forced migration on the other hand has been more commonly associated with refugee studies and development studies, than urban studies or sociology. As such it has tended to consider citizenship through the lenses of ethnicity and nationalism rather than 'race' and class. In this chapter I bring some of these disparate literatures together to examine how the urban refugee camp, much like the ghetto or ethnic enclave, racializes residents and configures claims to citizenship in the city, but also how the everyday movement and mixing characteristic of urban space reconfigures those claims in complex and unexpected ways. I argue that when we look at the refugee camp through its relationship to the city, particular features of the camp that have been otherwise neglected are brought to the fore. In recent years with growing scholarly interest in transnational phenomena, population movements from South Asia have attracted considerable attention. The emphasis in this field of research however has been on those who migrated to the West, overlooking far greater movements of displaced within the South itself. These 'other' south-south diasporas have been comparatively ignored by western academies. The Partition of the Indian Sub-Continent in 1947 generated what is now regarded as one of the largest involuntary migrations in modern history, much of which took the form of internal movement to

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Section: Social and Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Re-bordering Camp and City: ‘Race', Space and Citizenship in Dhaka

Redclift¹

2017

The SAGE Handbook of the 21st Century City

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Displacement, integration and identity in the postcolonial world

Redclift

2015

Identities

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Defining the relationship between displaced populations and the nation-state is a fraught historical process. The Partition of India in 1947 provides a powerful example. However markedly little attention has been paid to the refugee communities produced (Ansari, 2005). Using the case of the displaced 'Urdu-speaking minority' in Bangladesh this article considers what contemporary discourses of identity and integration reveal about the nature and boundaries of the nation-state. It reveals that the language of 'integration' is embedded in colonial narratives of 'population' versus 'people-nation' which structure exclusion not only through language and ethnicity, but poverty and social space. It also shows how colonial and postcolonial registers transect and overlap as colonial constructions of 'modernity' and 'progress' fold into religious discourses of 'pollution' and 'purity'. The voices of minorities navigating claims to belonging through these discourses shed light on a 'nation-in-formation': the shifting landscape of national belonging and the complicated accommodations required.

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‘Stranded Pakistanis’ in Bangladesh – victims of political divisions of 70 years ago

Kuczkiewicz-Fraś

2019

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‘Stranded Pakistanis’ in Bangladesh – victims of political divisions of 70 years agoNearly 300 000 Urdu-speaking Muslims, coming mostly from India’s Bihar, live today in Bangladesh, half of them in the makeshift camps maintained by the Bangladeshi government. After the division of the Subcontinent in 1947 they migrated to East Bengal (from 1955 known as East Pakistan), despite stronger cultural and linguistic ties (they were Urdu, not Bengali, speakers) connecting them with West Pakistan. In 1971, after East Pakistan became independent and Bangladesh was formed, these so-called ‘Biharis’ were placed by the authorities of the newly formed republic in the camps, from which they were supposed – and they hoped – to be relocated to Pakistan. However, over the next 20 years, only a small number of these people has actually been transferred. The rest of them are still inhabiting slum-like camps in former East Bengal, deprived of any citizenship and all related rights (to work, education, health care, insurance, etc.). The governments of Pakistan and Bangladesh consistently refuse to take responsibility for their fate, incapable of making any steps that would eventually solve the complex problem of these people, also known as ‘stranded Pakistanis.’ The article explains historical and political factors that were responsible for the fate of ‘Biharis’ and presents their current legal situation in Bangladesh. „Opuszczeni Pakistańczycy” w Bangladeszu - ofiary podziałów politycznych sprzed 70 latW prowizorycznych obozach utrzymywanych przez rząd Bangladeszu żyje do dziś blisko pół miliona muzułmanów z indyjskiego Biharu, którzy po podziale subkontynentu w 1947 roku wyemigrowali do Bengalu Wschodniego (później: Pakistanu Wschodniego), pomimo silniejszych więzi kulturowych i językowych (posługują się językiem urdu) łączących ich z Pakistanem Zachodnim. W 1971 roku po uniezależnieniu się Pakistanu Wschodniego i utworzeniu Bangladeszu, około 300-tysięczna grupa Biharczyków została zamknięta przez władze nowo powstałej republiki w obozach, z których następnie miała zostać relokowana do Pakistanu. Jednak w kolejnych 20 latach zaledwie część tych osób została rzeczywiście przesiedlona. Pozostali, pozbawieni obywatelstwa i wszystkich wiążących się z tym uprawnień (np. do pracy, edukacji, ochrony zdrowia, ubezpieczenia itd.), wciąż zamieszkują przypominające slumsy obozy na terenie byłego Bengalu Wschodniego, zaś rządy Pakistanu, Indii i Bangladeszu wzajemnie przerzucają na siebie odpowiedzialność za ich losy, niezdolne do poczynienia jakichkolwiek kroków, które pozwoliłyby ostatecznie rozwiązać skomplikowany problem tzw. opuszczonych Pakistańczyków (ang. stranded Pakistanis). Artykuł wyjaśnia czynniki historyczne i polityczne, które były odpowiedzialne za los „Biharczyków”, oraz przedstawia ich obecną sytuację prawną w Bangladeszu.

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Refugee Problems in Bangladesh

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Re-bordering Camp and City: ‘Race', Space and Citizenship in Dhaka

Re-bordering Camp and City: ‘Race', Space and Citizenship in Dhaka

Displacement, integration and identity in the postcolonial world

‘Stranded Pakistanis’ in Bangladesh – victims of political divisions of 70 years ago

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