Region Aware Proactive Routing Approaches Exploiting Energy Efficient Paths for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs

Khan, Zahoor Ali; Awais, Muhammad; Alghamdi, Turki Ali; Khalid, Adia; Fatima, Aisha; Akbar, Mariam; Javaid, Nadeem

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2939155

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Thus more effort are made to create and control WSNs in harsh environments where overcoming routing holes is typical. Several protocols have been proposed to solve the void hole problem in underwater WSNs, which is due to frequent topology changes (nodes moving around because of water flows) and signal attenuation and long delay [31][32][33][34]. Also, in [35] a virtual force based routing strategy is proposed to handle the energy hole problem, while in [36] a routing algorithm is created to overcome dynamic holes.…”

Section: Hole-bypassing Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-efficient routing in the proximity of a complicated hole in wireless sensor networks

Nguyen

et al. 2021

Wireless Netw

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A quest for geographic routing schemes of wireless sensor networks when sensor nodes are deployed in areas with obstacles has resulted in numerous ingenious proposals and techniques. However, there is a lack of solutions for complicated cases wherein the source or the sink nodes are located close to a specific hole, especially in cavern-like regions of large complex-shaped holes. In this paper, we propose a geographic routing scheme to deal with the existence of complicated-shape holes in an effective manner. Our proposed routing scheme achieves routes around holes with the (1+$$\epsilon$$ ϵ )-stretch. Experimental results show that our routing scheme yields the highest load balancing and the most extended network lifetime compared to other well-known routing algorithms as well.

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Section: Hole-bypassing Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-efficient routing in the proximity of a complicated hole in wireless sensor networks

Nguyen

et al. 2021

Wireless Netw

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“…In [47], the authors have presented a scheme that adapts to three different types of networks to cope with the local maximum nodes. Their work offers a high packet transfer rate and low end-to-end delay.…”

Section: Void Handling Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchor Nodes Assisted Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2021

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Reliable data transfer seems a quite challenging task in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) in comparison with Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks due to the peculiar attributes of UWSN communication. However, the reliable data transmission in UWSN is very limited. Yet, there is a way to achieve reliable data transfer metrics through the design of routing protocols by considering the exceptional features of UWSN communications. With this aim, we propose two schemes with multiple sinks-based network architecture: Anchor Nodes assisted Cluster-based Routing Protocol (ANCRP) to achieve reliable data transfer metrics and Void Handling technique in ANCRP (VH-ANCRP) to cope with the local maximum nodes. For which, the network space is divided into small cubes to form clusters. Then, each cube is assigned with an anchor node as a cluster head (CH). All cluster heads are supposed to be anchored at the centroid of a cube via a string, while source nodes are randomly distributed. In ANCRP, the source nodes are liable to send the sensed data to their designated CH. The CH transmits the sensed data to the next-hop CH and continues this procedure till the successful delivery of the data packets at the surface sinks. In VH-ANCRP, a void handling technique of making the ad-hoc CH is used by the void nodes to reconnect with the network operations. We perform extensive simulations in NS3 to validate our schemes. The simulation outcomes expel that both proposed schemes have improved the network performance when compared with the baseline schemes. INDEX TERMS Underwater wireless sensor networks, reliable data transfer, routing protocol, anchor nodes, clustering technique, void handling. I. INTRODUCTION Currently, Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are gaining pivotal considerations in both industrial and academia sector because of their wide and comprehensive implementation areas, such as resource exploration, navigation assisting, military surveillance, calamity preventions, etc. [1]. The underwater WSNs also assist in finding the unexplored underwater resources and aquatic data collection with the help of different computational intelligence approaches [2]. The underwater wireless sensor nodes are supposed to be deployed sparsely from surface-layer to seabedlayer for fetching the data from the underwater harsh environments by using an acoustic modem [3], [4]. Underwater communication through optical signals is not feasible due to absorption loss and rapid attenuation. Thus, underwater communication is carried out in acoustic signals [5]. The

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“…For void node avoidance, transmission ranges are adjusted to continue the communication process without any disruption. In [18], Khan et al proposed a protocol that adapts to three types of networks depending on the node density. The parameters used in this work are packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay, where the former is maximized and the latter is minimized.…”

Section: Void Node Avoidance Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

DIEER: Delay-Intolerant Energy-Efficient Routing with Sink Mobility in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Latif¹,

Javaid

Ullah

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are an enabling technology for many applications in commercial, military, and scientific domains. In some emergency response applications of UWSN, data dissemination is more important, therefore these applications are handled differently as compared to energy-focused approaches, which is only possible when propagation delay is minimized and packet delivery at surface sinks is assured. Packet delivery underwater is a serious concern because of harsh underwater environments and the dense deployment of nodes, which causes collisions and packet loss. Resultantly, re-transmission causes energy loss and increases end-to-end delay ( D E 2 E ). In this work, we devise a framework for the joint optimization of sink mobility, hold and forward mechanisms, adoptive depth threshold ( d t h ) and data aggregation with pattern matching for reducing nodal propagation delay, maximizing throughput, improving network lifetime, and minimizing energy consumption. To evaluate our technique, we simulate the three-dimensional (3-D) underwater network environment with mobile sink and dense deployments of sensor nodes with varying communication radii. We carry out scalability analysis of the proposed framework in terms of network lifetime, throughput, and packet drop. We also compare our framework to existing techniques, i.e., Mobicast and iAMCTD protocols. We note that adapting varying d t h based on node density in a range of network deployment scenarios results in a reduced number of re-transmissions, good energy conservation, and enhanced throughput. Furthermore, results from extensive simulations show that our proposed framework achieves better performance over existing approaches for real-time delay-intolerant applications.

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Region Aware Proactive Routing Approaches Exploiting Energy Efficient Paths for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs

Cited by 35 publications

References 37 publications

Energy-efficient routing in the proximity of a complicated hole in wireless sensor networks

Energy-efficient routing in the proximity of a complicated hole in wireless sensor networks

Anchor Nodes Assisted Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

DIEER: Delay-Intolerant Energy-Efficient Routing with Sink Mobility in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

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