“…E-commerce is regarded as a complete business activity comprising network, enterprise, consumer, commodity, sales, purchase, service, and transaction elements [22] and can be divided into many modes depending on transaction type, including business to business (B2B), business to customer (B2C), business to business to customer (B2B2C), customer to business (C2B, e.g., collective bargaining), customer to customer (C2C, e.g., online auction), online to offline (O2O, e.g., virtual and real integration), and online to mobile (O2M, e.g., mobile business) [23]. These models can be grouped under several e-commerce activity types based on actual operational requirements, such as collaborative commerce [24], cross-border e-commerce, community commerce, and mobile commerce [25]. E-commerce advantages are that spatially separated business activities and transactions can be completed using the network.…”