Regional cerebral blood flow changes in cortex and basal ganglia during voluntary movements in normal human volunteers

Roland, P. E.; Meyer, Ernst; Shibasaki, Takashi; Yamamoto, Y.; Thompson, Christopher J.

doi:10.1152/jn.1982.48.2.467

Cited by 240 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…Although early investigations found only contralateral motor and somatic sensory representation (30)(31)(32)(33), there are recent reports of ipsilateral activation of the motor and sensory cortex of normal subjects (10,34,35). We found slight ipsilateral sensorimotor activation in the normal righthanded subjects which was more pronounced during movement of the nondominant hand (27).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Functional magnetic resonance studies of the reorganization of the human hand sensorimotor area after unilateral brain injury in the perinatal period.

Cao

Vikingstad

Huttenlocher

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

130

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Functional magnetic resonance ging was used to map the hand sensorimotor area of hemiparetic adolescents and young adults who had suffered unilateral brain damage in the perinatal period. Unlike normal subjects, who exhibit cortical activation primarily contralateral to voluntary finger movements, the hemaretic patients' intact hemispheres were equally activated by contralateral and ipsilateral finger movements. Our fidings are consistent with previous clinical observations and animal experiments which suggest that the immature brain is able to reorganize in response to focal injury.Many observations suggest that the immature human brain is characterized by "plasticity": i.e., it is capable of major functional reorganization in response to external and internal stimuli. For example, children will recover language skills after sustaining a large insult or even hemispherectomy on the speech-dominant side if the damage occurs before age 7 or 8 (1). Similarly, if a child with strabismus is forced to use the squinting eye by patching of the good eye before about age 7, permanent visual loss in the squinting eye (amblyopia) can be prevented (2, 3). The sensorimotor system also demonstrates plasticity. Children with large unilateral brain lesions can learn to reach out and grasp an object and can walk, although with a limp (4). Movements of the paretic hand in these children are often accompanied by "mirror" movements on the opposite side (5, 6). Such parallel movements are much more prominent when brain injury occurs before 1 year of age (6). These observations suggest that motor function might be represented in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the weak hand if injury is incurred early in life.Similar effects have been found in animal models: e.g., the reaction of the rodent motor system to postnatal hemispherectomy. In this model, it has been shown that the remaining hemisphere develops a new, uncrossed corticospinal tract to the ipsilateral spinal cord in addition to the usual crossed one (7). Huttenlocher et al. (8,9) have succeeded in making separate cortical maps of the neurons forming the aberrant (uncrossed) and normal (crossed) tracts. The neurons which are "recruited" to form the uncrossed tract are found in the same areas as the usual "crossed" neurons, as well as in the adjacent cortex. Thus, these cortical mapping experiments suggest that a limited population of multipotential neurons might be involved in brain plasticity. The mechanisms of neural reorganization in the human brain are not well understood (10) but may involve the unmasking of existing pathways (11, 12), competition for synaptic space (13), or axonal migration and sprouting along chemical gradients (14).Although ample clinical observations (1-7) and animal experiments (8,9,15) suggest that the human brain demonstrates plasticity, there are few studies that provide brain mapping evidence for cortical reorganization after motorcortex lesions. A single case report utilizing magnetoencephalography suggested reorganization in the somatosenso...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Functional magnetic resonance studies of the reorganization of the human hand sensorimotor area after unilateral brain injury in the perinatal period.

Cao

Vikingstad

Huttenlocher

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In this respect, studies investigating changes of cerebral blood flow and metabolism of motor cortices during the execution of motor tasks in normal subjects have led to conflicting results. A selective contralateral activation, 18 a trend for bilateral activation in only some subjects, 19 and a significant bilateral activation 20 have all been described. This fact suggests that the degree of lateralization of the motor system may be different in normal subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Bilateral Hemispheric Activation in the Early Recovery of Motor Function After Stroke

Silvestrini

Cupini

Placidi

et al. 1998

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-Functional recovery after cerebral infarction is a complex phenomenon that depends on various factors. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in cerebral perfusion during motor activity in stroke patients with very early recovery of motor function. Methods-We included 9 consecutive patients hospitalized for acute-onset hemiparesis who showed complete functional recovery within 24 hours. CT of the brain showed an ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebral lesion in areas compatible with the symptomatology. Within 36 hours (range, 28 to 36) all patients were examined for the effects of a thumb-to-finger opposition task on cerebral blood flow in the middle cerebral arteries, evaluated by means of bilateral transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Data were compared with those of 9 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. In patients, the evaluation was repeated 2 to 4 months later. Results-A comparable increase in flow velocity (% meanϮSD) was observed with respect to baseline in the contralateral middle cerebral artery during motor activity with patients' normal (8.8Ϯ2.0%) and recovered hand (9.7Ϯ4.1%) and with both hands of control subjects (10.6Ϯ1.4%). In the middle cerebral artery ipsilateral to the hand performing the motor task, the increase in flow velocity was significantly higher (PϽ0.0001) during movement of the recovered hand in patients (8.6Ϯ2.7%) than during movement of the normal hand in both patients (2.6Ϯ1.6%) and control subjects (1.4Ϯ0.7%). In patients, pattern of changes in flow velocity during motor performance remained the same in the second evaluation. Conclusions-These observations suggest that areas of the healthy hemisphere can be activated soon after a focal injury and contribute to the positive evolution of a functional deficit in some patients. This phenomenon of ipsilateral activation cannot be considered transient because it is evident months after stroke onset. (Stroke. 1998;29:1305-1310.)

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“…Given the evidence of bilateral activation of the basal ganglia during sequential finger movements (Roland, Meyer, Shibasaki, Yamamoto & Thompson, 1982) and reduced activity in the putamen contralateral to the affected limb in unilateral PD (Benecke, Rothwell, Dick, Day, & Marsden, 1987;Leenders, Palmer, Quinn, Clark, Firnau, Garnett, Nahmias, Jones & Marsden, 1986;Nahmias, Garnett, Firnau & Lang, 1985) these findings suggest that the basal ganglia and by implication the fronto-striatal system are also involved in the planning of action and during motor imagery.…”

Section: Cortical Representations Of Movement Imagery 341 Effects Omentioning

confidence: 95%

Psychophysiological correlates of dynamic imagery

Williams

Rippon

Stone³

et al. 1995

British J of Psychology

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Brain Electrical Activity Maps were recorded from 20 subjects whilst performing: (a) the Vandenberg & Kuse Mental Rotation Test (MRT) and: (b) the Isaac, Marks & Russell Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ), and under control conditions. Subjects were classified as good or poor imagers, first on the basis of their VMIQ scores, and secondly on their MRT scores. Alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 at different cortical regions were compared between groups and between task performance and control conditions. During MRT significant reductions in alpha amplitude were found over both right and left parietal areas and over the left frontal region. In beta 1 non‐significant trends in the same direction were observed in the same regions found to be significant in alpha. Non‐significant trends in beta 2 were observed over the right parietal and frontal regions. No differences in amplitude at any frequency band were found between good and poor VMIQ scorers but subjects with high MRT scores showed greater alpha amplitude at many sites in the parietal, parieto‐occipital and frontal areas than subjects with low MRT scores. During VMIQ testing the VMIQ high imagers showed a non‐significant trend towards higher alpha amplitude at frontal regions and some scattered parietal and occipital sites and significantly higher levels of beta 2 in the left frontal region. However, no differences were found between imagery and control conditions. The results confirm the involvement of motor as well as spatial processes in dynamic imagery.

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Regional cerebral blood flow changes in cortex and basal ganglia during voluntary movements in normal human volunteers

Cited by 240 publications

References 0 publications

Functional magnetic resonance studies of the reorganization of the human hand sensorimotor area after unilateral brain injury in the perinatal period.

Functional magnetic resonance studies of the reorganization of the human hand sensorimotor area after unilateral brain injury in the perinatal period.

Bilateral Hemispheric Activation in the Early Recovery of Motor Function After Stroke

Psychophysiological correlates of dynamic imagery

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