Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods

Ingenbleek, Luc; Sulyok, Michael; Adegboye, Abimbola; Hossou, Sètondji Epiphane; Koné, Abdoulaye Zié; Oyedele, Awoyinka Dada; Kisito, Chabi Sika K.J.; Dembélé, Yara Koreissi; Eyangoh, Sara; Verger, P; Leblanc, Jean-Charles; Bizec, Bruno Le; Krska, Rudolf

doi:10.3390/toxins11010054

Cited by 52 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The water stress caused by drought weakens the plant defence and increases its susceptibility to mould infection and aflatoxin production [96], which may be further enhanced if the crop is harvest in the rainy season. A recent survey on the contamination of food products of West Africa Sub-Saharan countries revealed that aflatoxin contamination of crop samples collected during the rainy season was significantly higher than those collected during the dry season [75]. Similar observation could be made from a comprehensive survey on aflatoxin contamination of various foods in Thailand for the period of 1969-1970 [107-108] (see also Table 6).…”

Section: Crop Contaminationsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Farming activities are essentially managed for subsistence by smallholders facing technical and socio-economic challenges that hamper any efforts to restrain aflatoxin contamination [71][72][73]. Moreover, the staple crops grown, such as peanut, maize, sorghum, rice, sunflower, and cottonseed are good substrates for aflatoxin production [74][75].…”

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aflatoxins: Production, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum¹

2020

Preprint

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This review aimed to update the main aspects of aflatoxin production, occurrence and incidence in selected countries, and associated aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Means to reduce aflatoxin incidence in crops were also presented with an emphasis on the environment-friendly technology using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are unavoidable widespread natural contaminants of foods and feeds with serious impact on health, agricultural and livestock productivity, and food safety. They are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species distributed on three main sections of the genus (section Flavi, section Ochraceorosei, and section Nidulantes). Poor economic status of a country exacerbates the risk and the extent of crop contamination due to faulty storage conditions that are usually suitable for mold growth and mycotoxin production: temperature of 22 to 29°C and water activity of 0.90 to 0.99. This situation paralleled the prevalence of high liver cancer and the occasional acute aflatoxicosis episodes that have been associated with these regions. Risk assessment studies revealed that Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries remain at high risk and that, apart from the regulatory standards revision to be more restrictive, other actions to prevent or decontaminate crops are to be taken for adequate public health protection. Indeed, a review of publications on the incidence of aflatoxins in selected foods and feeds from countries whose crops are classically known for their highest contamination with aflatoxins, reveals that despite the intensive efforts made to reduce such an incidence, there has been no clear tendency, with the possible exception of South Africa, towards sustained improvements. Nonetheless, a global risk assessment of the new situation regarding crop contamination with aflatoxins by international organizations with the required expertise is suggested to appraise where we stand presently.

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Section: Crop Contaminationsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: Production, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum¹

2020

Preprint

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“…According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), AFLs destroy 25% of the world's crops annually [4]. Not only are AFLs carcinogenic, but these mycotoxins have also been associated with growth impairment in children [5]. Currently, AFL contamination is a large problem for undeveloped areas of Africa and Asia, but it might soon include Europe and both the North and South America continents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Gold Nanoparticles-Conjugated Aflatoxin B1 Antifungal Strips

Sojinrin

Liu

Wang

et al. 2019

IJMS

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Lateral flow immunochromatographic assays are a powerful diagnostic tool for point-of-care tests, based on their simplicity, specificity, and sensitivity. In this study, a rapid and sensitive gold nanoparticle (AuNP) immunochromatographic strip is produced for detecting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in suspicious fungi-contaminated food samples. The 10 nm AuNPs were encompassed by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and AFB1 antibody. Thin-layer chromatography, gel electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were employed for analysing the chemical complexes. Various concentrations of AFB1 antigen (0-16 ng/mL) were tested with AFB1 antibody-BSA-AuNPs (conjugated AuNPs) and then analysed by scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and Zetasizer. The results showed that the AFB1 antibody was coupled to BSA by the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester method. The AuNPs application has the potential to contribute to AFB1 detection by monitoring a visible colour change from red to purple-blue, with a detection limit of 2 ng/mL in a 96-well plate. The lateral flow immunochromatographic strip tests are rapid, taking less than 10 min., and they have a detection capacity of 10 ng/g. The smartphone analysis of strips provided the results in 3 s, with a detection limit of 0.3 ng/g for AFB1 when the concentration was below 10 ng/g. Excellent agreement was found with AFB1 determination by high-performance liquid chromatography in the determination of AFB1 among 20 samples of peanuts, corn, rice, and bread.for Aflatoixin B1 (AFB1) [8]. The European Economic Community (EEC) has established permitted food contamination limits of 2 µg/kg for AFB1 and 4 µg/kg for the total concentration of the four AFLs since 1 February 1999 [9]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies for achieving the limits of AFL contamination and reducing AFL exposure in vulnerable populations [10].Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are the most popular techniques for detecting AFLs. However, these methods require extensive sample preparation, expensive instruments, and operation by skilled professionals. Alternatively, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been successfully developed for AFLs [11], but ELISA also needs incubation and washing steps, and application is mainly confined to laboratories. Lateral flow immunochromatographic/immunoassay strips (LFIAs) have received increasing attention for qualitative and quantitative analysis in different scientific sectors [12], including food safety, environmental monitoring, and precision medicine [12,13]. In 2005, Delmulle et al. [14] developed an LFIA for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in pig feed. Liao and Li [15] have made significant effort to investigate the effect of the core-shell silver-gold nanocomposites on the properties of LFIAs. However, this detection can only provide either qualitative (positive or negative) or semi-quantitative information on analyte concentration, and thereby does not satisfy the requirements for...

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“…Considering the high toxicity of mycotoxins, occurrence studies and exposure assessment in different regions of the world (especially those without a food safety regulation system) are relevant aspects, LC-MS/MS being the technique of choice for multi-mycotoxin analysis. In the framework of the first multi-center Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous were tested for mycotoxins [11]. The results show that populations from North Cameroon and Benin may suffer chronic and simultaneous exposure to AFB1, FB1, STC, OTA, and CIT, which are prevalent in their diet.…”

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confidence: 99%

Application of LC–MS/MS in the Mycotoxins Studies

Gámiz‐Gracia

Garcı́a-Campaña

Arroyo‐Manzanares

2020

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of different species (mainly Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium) with toxic effects for humans and animals that can contaminate food and feed. Notifications on the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) concerning mycotoxins are becoming frequent, being among the "top 10" hazards reported on food products, mainly cereals and nuts [1]. The European Union (EU), among others, has established maximum permitted or recommended levels for several mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AF) B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), HT-2 and T-2 toxins, or citrinin (CIT) in different food commodities [2]. However, there are other mycotoxins not included in regulations, the so-called "emerging mycotoxins", whose toxicity is still not clear, that could also pose a risk to humans and animals. This group includes Alternaria toxins, sterigmatocystin (STC), phomopsins, and Fusarium toxins as enniatins (ENN) or beauvericin (BEA), among others [3]. Moreover, the so-called "modified or masked mycotoxins" (produced as a consequence of a detoxification strategy of the host plant of the fungus or during food processing) could be equally or even more toxic than the original mycotoxin, and should also be taken into account [4].All these facts make it necessary to develop analytical methods for the accurate determination of mycotoxins in different food matrices and feeds. In this sense, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool for the unique identification and quantification of analytes. Moreover, the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allows the identification of novel mycotoxins and targeted/untargeted approaches for their study.This Special Issue is dedicated to recent applications of LC-MS/MS in mycotoxin studies, including the development and validation of new analytical methods for their identification and quantification in different food matrices and feed, occurrence studies and biomonitoring of mycotoxins, and their metabolites in biological fluids.Although most of the papers propose methods for the simultaneous determination of several mycotoxins, Bertuzzi et al. focus their work on the improvement of determination of moniliformin (MON) by adding lanthanide ions to the mobile phase during chromatographic separation [5]. MON is weakly retained in reversed-phase chromatography, making the separation difficult. The addition of La 3+ , Tb 3+ or Eu 3+ to the mobile phase is investigated, improving peak shape and MON separation, probably due to the formation of coordination complexes lanthanide-MON. After extraction and purification, the method is applied to the determination of MON in maize and wheat samples.The potential of LC-MS/MS for multi-mycotoxin determination in different food matrices is shown in different contributions of this Special Issue. For instance, Guo et al. propose a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged, an...

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Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods

Cited by 52 publications

References 56 publications

Aflatoxins: Production, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Aflatoxins: Production, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Developing Gold Nanoparticles-Conjugated Aflatoxin B1 Antifungal Strips

Application of LC–MS/MS in the Mycotoxins Studies

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