Regionally‐specific bioactivity of two new pheromones for Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Col., Scolytidae)

Abstract

1‐Methyl‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐ol (MCOL) was shown for the first time to occur in the frass produced by female spruce beetles, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby). MCOL and 4‐methylene‐6,6‐dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept‐2‐ene (verbenene) were evaluated in five geographic locations for attractiveness to spruce beetles. In trapping experiments (±)‐ or (+)‐ MCOL enhanced attraction to a standard blend of α‐pinene with frontalin in two Alaska locations. (+)‐MCOL was attractive and (‐)‐MCOL inhibitory in south‐central British Columbia, and (+)‐, (‐)‐ and (±)‐MCOL were all weakly attractive in one of three experiments in southeastern British Columbia and northern Alberta. Verbenene was attractive only in combination with the standard blend plus MCOL in Alaska. In comparison with the standard bait, tree baits incorporating (±)‐ or (+)‐MCOL caused higher numbers of trees to be attacked in the interior Alaska locations and (+)‐ MCOL had the same effect in south‐central British Columbia. Density of attack on attacked trees was unaffected. (±)‐ or (+)‐MCOL could improve the operational efficacy of tree baits in Alaska, and (+)‐MCOL could be used in south‐central British Columbia. Our results indicate that for wide‐ranging scolytid species, operational evaluation of new semiochemicals should be regionally specific.

Application of Semiochemicals to Assess the Biodiversity of Subcortical Insects following an Ecosystem Disturbance in a Sub-boreal Forest

“…with taxonomic keys (Middlekauff 1960;Linsley 1962aLinsley , b, 1963Linsley , 1964Linsley and Chemsak 1972;Nelson 1975;Bright 1976Bright , 1987Wood 1982b, Triplehorn 1990Goulet 1992;Chemsak 1996;Downie and Arnett 1996;Yanega 1996;Kovarick and Caterino 2001;Bellamy and Nelson 2002;Optiz 2002;Pollack 2002;Turnbow and Thomas 2002) and with the assistance of systematists. Specifically, reference collections of buprestid, cerambycid, clerid, histerid, scolytid, and tenebrionid beetles and siricid wasps were verified by C. Bellamy (California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento) and G. Nelson (College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, deceased); (Holsten et al 2000); Ips pini (Teale et al 1991); Dendroctonus rufipennis (Borden et al 1996); Dendroctonus simplex (Werner et al 1981); Dendroctonus valens ; and Dryocoetes spp. (Camacho et al 1998) (Blatchley and Leng 1916;Kissinger 1964;Fridrich 1965;Warner 1966;Salsbury 2000).…”

“…In fact, semiochemicals have been a research and management tool for bark beetles for over 40 years (Wood et al 1968), especially in western North American forests where these beetles can be devastating (Bedard and Wood 1981;Negrón et al 2008). In many cases, semiochemicals were first identified from western North American bark beetle species (Silverstein et al 1966Wood et al 1967;Furniss et al 1972;Baker et al 1977;Birch et al 1980;Bowers et al 1991;Hobson et al 1993;Borden et al 1996;Camacho et al 1998;Holsten et al 2000), and baits in other regions of the continent often are based on these research results. In addition to targeting specific species, semiochemicals also can be used to assess the diversity of predators and commensals that exploit the attractants of subcortical insects as host-finding kairomones (Dixon and Payne 1980;Phillips et al 1988;Chénier and Philogène 1989;Seybold et al 1992;Raffa 2000, 2005;.…”

“…Finally, few studies have explored the full range of subcortical forest insects by using traps baited with semiochemicals. Most semiochemical studies have focused on either single subcortical species (e.g., Bedard et al 1980;Borden et al 1996); their associated predators (e.g., Seybold et al 1992;; or on a small subset of subcortical insect families (e.g., Phillips et al 1988;Chénier and Philogène 1989;Miller and Rabaglia 2009).…”

Integrated pest management in western Canadian boreal forests

“…Methods to monitor beetle abundance and even manage populations using semiochemicals are under development (Cerezke et al 1984, Gries et al 1992, Borden et al 1996.) Evaluation of risk and management of mountain pine beetle attacks in British Columbia has been described Safimyk 1992, andSafimylk et al 1974).…”

The First Synthesis of p-Cl- and p-F-Phenylverbenene

“…One of these derivatives is verbenene 2 (Fig. 1), which is found as a secondary metabolite in many medicinal plants and has been investigated as a beetle attractor [4,5]. Verbenene has also been used in the study of cycloadditions on account of its restricted stereochemistry and can also be viewed as a precursor in the formal synthesis of verbenone, which can provide a possible starting point in the synthesis of the A ring of taxol and other interesting compounds [6][7][8][9][10].…”