Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Abstract

Nanomedications can be carried by blood borne monocyte-macrophages into the reticuloendothelial system (RES; spleen, liver, lymph nodes) and to end organs. The latter include the lung, RES, and brain and are operative during human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. Macrophage entry into tissues is notable in areas of active HIV-1 replication and sites of inflammation. In order to assess the potential of macrophages as nanocarriers, superparamagnetic iron-oxide and/or drug laden particles coated with surfactants were parenterally injected into HIV-1 encephalitic mice. This was done to quantitatively assess particle and drug biodistribution. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test results were validated by histological coregistration and enhanced image processing. End organ disease as typified by altered brain histology were assessed by MRI. The demonstration of robust migration of nanoformulations into areas of focal encephalitis provides '"proof of concept" for the use of advanced bioimaging techniques to monitor macrophage migration. Importantly, histopathological aberrations in brain correlate with bioimaging parameters making the general utility of MRI in studies of cell distribution in disease feasible. We posit that using such methods can provide a real time index of disease burden and therapeutic efficacy with translational potential to humans.

Characterization of Magnetic Viral Complexes for Targeted Delivery in Oncology

“…The calibration should be performed using phantoms prepared from cells with internalized complexes rather than from complexes alone or free particles. Besides the application for direct tracking of viral vectors to their target tissues, MNP-labeled cells, such as muscle stem cells 77 and monocyte macrophages 78 , could also be monitored in vivo . In another study magnetophages, bacteriophages with USPIOs coupled to their wall, were used to identify apoptotic areas in the liver 79 .…”

Modulating Cellular Autophagy for Controlled Antiretroviral Drug Release

“…The administration of nanoATV with each autophagy inducer extended the retention of nanoATV in MDM. Nanoformulated drugs form intracellular drug depots in macrophages by sequestering drug nanocrystals into early, recycling and late endosomes [7,9,11,31,[35][36][37][38][39][40]. When nanoATV was co-administered, most notably, with URMC-099, its retention was increased inside autophagosomes.…”