“…PBL was formalized in medical education and is now used in other university and K-12 settings (Barrows & Tamblyn, 1980;Chin & Chia, 2005;Gallagher, Stepien, & Rosenthal, 1992;Reiter, Rasmann-Nuhlicek, Biernat, & Lawrence, 1994;Torp & Sage, 1998). In PBL, students (a) collaboratively determine what they know and need to know, (b) individually research content and/or conduct scientific tests, (c) communicate the research results among themselves, (d) collectively determine a solution to their problem, and (e) present their solutions to classmates and/or community representatives (Hmelo-Silver, 2004).…”