“…In light of such challenges, though, many researchers have attempted to identify ways to improve student success in solving counting problems. This has included identifying productive ways of thinking, identifying potentially useful instructional interventions, and examining ways in which students think about particular ideas and topics in combinatorics, such as Cartesian product problems, multiplication, equivalence, binomial coefficients, combinatorial proof, and symbolization and representations (Coenen et al, 2018;English, 1991;Erickson & Lockwood, 2021a;Halani, 2012;Lockwood, 2014;Lockwood & Purdy, 2020;Lockwood & Reed, 2020;Maher & Speiser, 1997;Maher et al, 2011;Montenegro et al, 2021;Soto et al, 2022;Tillema, 2013Tillema, , 2014Tillema, , 2018Tillema & Gatza, 2016;Wasserman & Galarza, 2019).…”