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The parameterization of the magnetospheric field contribution, generated by currents flowing in the magnetosphere is of major importance for the analysis of Mercury’s internal magnetic field. Using a combination of the Gauss and the Mie representation (toroidal–poloidal decomposition) for the parameterization of the magnetic field enables the analysis of magnetic field data measured in current carrying regions in the vicinity of Mercury. In view of the BepiColombo mission, the magnetic field resulting from the plasma interaction of Mercury with the solar wind is simulated with a hybrid simulation code and the internal Gauss coefficients for the dipole, quadrupole and octupole field are reconstructed from the data, evaluated along the prospective trajectories of the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) using Capon’s method. Especially, it turns out that a high-precision determination of Mercury’s octupole field is expectable from the future analysis of the magnetic field data measured by the magnetometer on board MPO. Furthermore, magnetic field data of the MESSENGER mission are analyzed and the reconstructed internal Gauss coefficients are in reasonable agreement with the results from more conventional methods such as the least-square fit.
The parameterization of the magnetospheric field contribution, generated by currents flowing in the magnetosphere is of major importance for the analysis of Mercury’s internal magnetic field. Using a combination of the Gauss and the Mie representation (toroidal–poloidal decomposition) for the parameterization of the magnetic field enables the analysis of magnetic field data measured in current carrying regions in the vicinity of Mercury. In view of the BepiColombo mission, the magnetic field resulting from the plasma interaction of Mercury with the solar wind is simulated with a hybrid simulation code and the internal Gauss coefficients for the dipole, quadrupole and octupole field are reconstructed from the data, evaluated along the prospective trajectories of the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) using Capon’s method. Especially, it turns out that a high-precision determination of Mercury’s octupole field is expectable from the future analysis of the magnetic field data measured by the magnetometer on board MPO. Furthermore, magnetic field data of the MESSENGER mission are analyzed and the reconstructed internal Gauss coefficients are in reasonable agreement with the results from more conventional methods such as the least-square fit.
<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The way that material is transported downslope via mass wasting can be indicative of the environmental conditions of that planetary body. For example, on Mars the discovery of gullies (alcove-channel-fan systems) was initially linked to flowing liquid water (e.g., Malin and Edgett, 2000), but now is linked to the seasonal sublimation of carbon dioxide ice (e.g., Dundas et al., 2019) and hence the existence of gullies tells us about the climate on Mars. The existence of long runout landslides on Ceres has been linked to the existence of ground ice on that body (Duarte et al., 2019). Before the arrival of MESSENGER at Mercury, processes driven by crustal volatiles were not considered likely, yet the existence of faculae indicating explosive volcanism (e.g., Jozwiak et al., 2018) and hollows indicating volatile loss in the top ten to hundreds of metres (e.g., Blewett et al., 2011), have refuted this assumption. Inspired by these discoveries and the serendipitous identification of what appear to be downslope mass wasting features (Malliband et al., 2019), we have performed a systematic survey for landforms that may indicate slope processes. In a second step we will then assess if these features are linked to surface volatile-driven processes. The results of our survey will be useful for selecting targets for acquisition by BepiColombo&#8217;s instruments.</p> <p><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64, 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
Since Mariner 10 first imaged Mercury in 1974, tectonic landforms, of which shortening structures dominate, have been well documented. Most tectonic structures on Mercury are thought to have formed, and been most active, early in the planet’s history but here we report the discovery of widespread young extensional grabens. These landforms occur as secondary tectonic features on larger, compressional tectonic structures and indicate continued activity of the parent structure. Extensional grabens are 10s to 100s of metres deep, tens of km in length and generally less than one kilometre wide. We calculate that they are ~300 million years old or younger, otherwise impact gardening would mask their signature. Together, the global distribution of extensional grabens and their young age provide compelling evidence that many of Mercury’s shortening structures have continued to move until geologically recent times.
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