Regulating G protein activity by lipase-independent functions of phospholipase C

Agonist-mediated activation of Bombyx mori diapause hormone receptor signals to extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 through Gq-PLC-PKC-dependent cascade

“…Upon activation by agonist, BmDHR is coupled with PLC via Gq protein, which in turn leads to the production of DAG and IP 3 , a second messenger to prompt the release of Ca 2þ from intracellular store. Then Ca 2þ and DAG both activate PKCs (Litosch, 2015). We then explored the possible mechanisms responsible for the involvement of PKC in the regulation of BmDHR-mediated ERK1/2 activation.…”

“…In the insect system, investigations of the signaling cascades GPCRs involved have suffered of lack of proper tools. Compound calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor that has been reported to be effective in inhibition of PKC in insect system (Luttrell, 2003;Litosch, 2015), was used for Sf21 cells. Our data showed that pretreatment of cells with G€ o6983 and CC significantly inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HEK293 and Sf21 cells, respectively, while G€ o6976 exhibited no inhibitory effect on ERK1/2 activation.…”

“…DAG directly activates PKC, and IP3 mediates the release of Ca 2þ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), This leads to indirect activation of PKC (Litosch, 2015). Therefore, we first investigated the potential involvement of PLC and PKC in the BmDHR-induced activation of ERK1/2 using PLC inhibitor U73122 and PKC inhibitors G€ o6983, G€ o6976, and calphostin C (CC).…”

Recent advances on sources and industrial applications of lipases

“…The review reported by Loli et al cover the latest advancements and novel application potentials of lipases in the field of medicine as diagnostic tools for certain diseases, as target candidates for cancer prevention and therapy, etc. Further, a review on phosphatidylinositol‐specific PLC reported the possibilities and evidence that support synergistic lipase‐G protein regulatory activity in the PLC‐β, PLC‐δ, PLC‐ɛ, and PLC‐γ subfamilies that may be mediated, in part, through phosphatidic acid, which provides insight to identify novel targets . An explanation of ancestral origin has been provided, along with the divergence and evolutionary pattern through searching of diacyl glycerol lipases in different species .…”

“…Overview on the therapeutic potential of Monoglyceride lipase as a drug target 24 Application of Sn2 lipase labile prodrugs in nanoparticle drug delivery 25 State of art in lipase-catalyzed processes for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and their intermediates 26 Overview on use of Lipases in medicine 27 Evolution, structural and functional studies of Diacylglycerol lipases and their application potential 28 Full spectrum of Phospholipase C (PLC) including activities, their regulation in identification of novel drug targets 29 Biodiesel production Review on feasibility and challenges of biodiesel production catalyzed by immobilized lipase 30 New developments in biodiesel production using fungal lipases 31 Biodiesel production using immobilization of lipases, bioreactors development, process optimization, simulation and techno-economic evaluation 32 Issue of methanol inactivation of lipases in the production of biodiesel 33 Customizing microorganisms for producing biodiesel through genetic engineering of lipases and metabolic engineering of fatty-acids-derived pathways enzymes that are abundantly present in nature. 48,49 Most of the lipases are built on a/b hydrolase fold composed of a core of predominantly eight parallel b strands forming a super-helically twisted central b sheet surrounded by varying number of a helices.…”