Regulating power from supermarket refrigeration

O׳Connell, Niamh; Madsen, Henrik; O’Malley, Mark; Green, Torben

doi:10.1109/isgteurope.2014.7028781

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The research described here builds on previous work by the authors wherein a time series model of a supermarket refrigeration system was identified using experimental data from a refrigeration test center [18], [19]. This time series model facilitated the simulation of the refrigeration system behavior during DR events, and thus informs the DR population model described in this work.…”

Section: Running Example: Supermarket Refrigerationmentioning

confidence: 90%

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On the Inclusion of Energy-Shifting Demand Response in Production Cost Models: Methodology and a Case Study

O׳Connell¹,

Hale

Doebber

et al. 2015

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In the context of future power system requirements for additional flexibility, demand response (DR) is an attractive potential resource. Its proponents widely laud its prospective benefits, which include enabling higher penetrations of variable renewable generation at lower cost than alternative storage technologies, and improving economic efficiency. In practice, DR from the commercial and residential sectors is largely an emerging, not a mature, resource, and its actual costs and benefits need to be studied to determine promising combinations of physical DR resource, enabling controls and communications, power system characteristics, regulatory environments, market structures, and business models. The work described in this report focuses on the enablement of such analysis from the production cost modeling perspective. In particular, we contribute a bottom-up methodology for modeling load-shifting DR in production cost models. The resulting model is sufficiently detailed to reflect the physical characteristics and constraints of the underlying flexible load, and includes the possibility of capturing diurnal and seasonal variations in the resource. Nonetheless, the model is of low complexity and thus suitable for inclusion in conventional unit commitment and market clearing algorithms. The ability to simulate DR as an operational resource on a power system over a year facilitates an assessment of its time-varying value to the power system.The modeling methodology is demonstrated through a case study of aggregated supermarket refrigeration systems providing balancing energy reserves in real-time markets at different levels of variable generation (VG). This DR resource is implemented in a test power system that represents a subset of the U.S Western Interconnection centered on Colorado. The value of DR from the population of supermarkets in Colorado is found to be $32.85 per kilowatt-year (kW-yr) presuming no other DR resources. The value decreases significantly (to $6.95/kW-year in the most extreme case) when we increase the capacity of the DR resource to naïvely represent the incorporation of DR from other flexible loads (in actuality, other DR resources will have different characteristics, such that the decrease in value will not be as steep). Refrigeration DR is found to offer greater value to the power system during the winter months than the summer months due to operational constraints that limit the flexibility of the resource during the summer. The value of DR is found to increase as the penetration of VG increases, reaching $46.05/kWyear for our baseline DR penetration and a variable generation (VG) penetration of 55%. We do see a plateau in the value of DR going from 45% to 55% VG. This is attributable to the inability of DR to provide energy storage on horizons longer than 24 hours.Overall, this work is a study in methodology. The case study is included primarily to show that the model is working properly and that this line of research is worthwhile. The reported numbers do not represent a true value o...

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Section: Running Example: Supermarket Refrigerationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…A saturation curve for a sample supermarket has been established in previous work [18], [19]. A portfolio of tests was conducted at an experimental refrigeration facility, mimicking the behavior of a supermarket during a DR event.…”

Section: Demand Response Resourcementioning

confidence: 99%

On the Inclusion of Energy-Shifting Demand Response in Production Cost Models: Methodology and a Case Study

O׳Connell¹,

Hale

Doebber

et al. 2015

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…Supermarket refrigeration is employed in this work as an example case study, owing both to its suitability for the provision of load shifting demand response and the availability of data and models describing its flexibility. Supermarket refrigeration systems are well suited to demand response as they have the ability to respond, the volume to provide a tangible service to the power system, and the financial incentive to participate in the power market [15].…”

Section: Demand Response Resource Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second order auto-regressive moving average with exogenous inputs (ARMAX) model of a supermarket refrigeration system is identified from data procured from a Danfoss refrigeration test center in Denmark. Full details of this model are provided in [15].…”

Section: Demand Response Resource Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly, building on material presented in [15], we develop a methodology of defining block bids that populations of flexible demand units can offer to the power system or market operator. The block offers reflect the load shifting abilities of individual demand units, considering their flexibility to provide a response to the power system and the subsequent necessity of energy recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Economic Dispatch of Demand Response Balancing Through Asymmetric Block Offers

O׳Connell

Madsen

O’Malley

2016

IEEE Trans. Power Syst.

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This paper proposes a method of describing the load shifting ability of flexible electrical loads in a manner suitable for existing power system dispatch frameworks. The concept of an asymmetric block offer for flexible loads is introduced. This offer structure describes the ability of a flexible load to provide a response to the power system and the subsequent need to recover. The conventional system dispatch algorithm is altered to facilitate the dispatch of demand response units alongside generating units using the proposed offer structure. The value of demand response is assessed through case studies that dispatch flexible supermarket refrigeration loads for the provision of regulating power. The demand resource is described by a set of asymmetric blocks, and a set of four blocks offers is shown to offer cost savings for the procurement of regulating power in excess of 20%. For comparative purposes, the cost savings achievable with a fully observable and controllable demand response resource are evaluated, using a time series model of the refrigeration loads. The fully modeled resource offers greater savings; however the difference is small and potentially insufficient to justify the investment required to fully model and control individual flexible loads.Index Terms-Demand-side management, electricity markets, mixed-integer linear programming, refrigeration, time-series analysis. 0885-8950

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