“…Finally, the chapter reflects on the domain's predominantly 'engineering' ontologies that inadequately adapts to the biological or in vivo as well as the wider social context within which nanorobots hope to be routinised. Notably, the ethical, social and legal implications of nanorobots in particular and the nanotechnology area more generally are substantial and explored elsewhere but beyond the remit of this article (see e.g., Allhoff, 2009;Allhof et al, 2007;Singh et al 2019;Abidin, Hassan, & Zainol, 2020;Dupuy, 2007;Grunwald, 2010). Our concern here is with the issue of interdisciplinarity (rather its lack) that undermine the realizability of nanorobotics-led targeted therapeutics.…”