Regulation of Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Musculoskeletal Cells

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that have the capability of differentiating into several different cells such as osteoblasts (bone), chondrocytes (cartilage), adipocytes (fat), myocytes (muscle) and tenocytes (tendon). In this review we highlight the different regulators which determine the lineage a particular MSC will differentiate into. Mesenchymal stem cells are increasingly being used in tissue regeneration and repair. Strict regulation of differentiation of MSCs is essential for a positive outcome of the particular tissue treated with MSCs, especially due to the fact that capacity to differentiate decreases with increasing age of the donor.

Mesenchymal stem cells for sweat gland regeneration after burns: From possibility to reality

“…MSCs can be obtained from adult tissue such as bone marrow [8,9], adipose tissue [10], umbilical cord [11] and others. Under suitable conditions, MSCs can differentiate into various types of cells such as neural cells [12,13], osteocytes [14,15], adipose cells [16], muscle cells [17] and vascular endothelial cells [18]. The unique property of MSCs highlights the potential for sweat gland regeneration.…”

An Osteoconductive, Osteoinductive, and Osteogenic Tissue-Engineered Product for Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery: How Far Are We?

“…The majority of research in MSC-based bone reconstruction has looked at isolation and expansion in vitro of MSCs, their delivery to defect sites and techniques to improve proliferation potential, and direct the MSCs towards osteogenesis using the appropriate factors [72–86]. …”

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Immune-Mediated Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes

“…Mesenchymal stem/stromal Cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors able to differentiate into the mesenchymal cell types of adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, additionally showing a wider potency able to differentiate to other cell types, such as myocytes, hepatocytes, or even neurons [3, 6–8]. Originally isolated from the bone marrow [9], MSCs have also been isolated from a variety of other tissues, including dental pulp, bone, lung, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord [10–13].…”