Regulation of GSK3β by Ser389 Phosphorylation During Neural Development

Abstract

GSK3β is a constitutively active kinase that promotes cell death, which requires strict regulatory mechanisms. Although Aktmediated phosphorylation at Ser 9 is the default mechanism to inactivate GSK3β, phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser 389 by p38 MAPK has emerged as an alternative inhibitory pathway that provides cell protection and repair in response to DNA damage. Phosphorylation of Ser 389 GSK3β has been detected in adult brain, where it has been related to neuronal survival and behavior. However, the use of this pathway to regulate GSK3β in the neonatal developing brain is unknown. In this study, we show that phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser 389 in the brain is developmentally regulated, with the highest levels corresponding to the first 2 weeks of age. Moreover, we found that the phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser 389 is the preferential mechanism for inactivating brain GSK3β in 2-week-old mice. Importantly, we show that phospho-Ser 389 GSK3β expression is predominant in neuronal cell cultures from neonatal brain relative to other cell populations. However, phospho-Ser 389 GSK3β is triggered by DNA doublestrand breaks in all developing neural cell types examined. Thus, the phosphorylation of GSK3β on Ser 389 could be a central regulatory mechanism to restrain GSK3β during neurogenesis early in life. Keywords p38 MAPK . DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) . Astrocytes . Microglia . Neurons . Neural precursor cells (NPCs)

GSK3 as a Master Regulator of Cellular Processes

“…The relevance of this residue for the restriction of neuroinflammation-a topic deserving special attention in the context of mood and cognitive disorders [12]-is addressed in this Special Issue in the paper by Calvo and colleagues [13]. Based on an established Ser389 phosphorylation-deficient knock-in mouse model (Ser389Ala; [14]), the authors report that the inability to inactivate GSK3β via this mechanism led to an impaired activation of the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB-), but not the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-) 3-associated signaling in the hippocampus. The affected mice were characterized by increased numbers of activated microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrated neutrophils in the brain, thus showing chronic basal neuroinflammation.…”