Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity in plants.

Stermer, Bruce A.; Bianchini, Graciela M.; Korth, Kenneth L.

doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39958-2

Cited by 190 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…For example, the biosynthesis of phytosterols is essential for membrane fluidity and plant growth and development [ 7 ]. The six major hormones play important roles in plants, among these, ABA, gibberellins (GA), and cytokinins (CK) are isoprenoid compounds, and BR has sterol-based structures [ 8 ]. Thirdly, it is closely related to the formation of fruit quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expressional diversity of grapevine 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (VvHMGR) in different grapes genotypes

Zheng

Guan

et al. 2021

BMC Plant Biol

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Background 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) is a key enzyme in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which regulates the metabolism of terpenoids in the cytoplasm and determines the type and content of downstream terpenoid metabolites. Results Results showed that grapevine HMGR family has three members, such as VvHMGR1, VvHMGR2, and VvHMGR3. The expression of VvHMGRs in 'Kyoho' has tissue specificity, for example, VvHMGR1 keeps a higher expression, VvHMGR2 is the lowest, and VvHMGR3 gradually decreases as the fruit development. VvHMGR3 is closely related to CsHMGR1 and GmHMGR9 and has collinearity with CsHMGR2 and GmHMGR4. By the prediction of interaction protein, it can interact with HMG-CoA synthase, MVA kinase, FPP/GGPP synthase, diphosphate mevalonate decarboxylase, and participates in the synthesis and metabolism of terpenoids. VvHMGR3 have similar trends in expression with some of the genes of carotenoid biosynthesis and MEP pathways. VvHMGR3 responds to various environmental and phytohormone stimuli, especially salt stress and ultraviolet (UV) treatment. The expression level of VvHMGRs is diverse in grapes of different colors and aroma. VvHMGRs are significantly higher in yellow varieties than that in red varieties, whereas rose-scented varieties showed significantly higher expression than that of strawberry aroma. The expression level is highest in yellow rose-scented varieties, and the lowest in red strawberry scent varieties, especially ‘Summer Black’ and ‘Fujiminori’. Conclusion This study confirms the important role of VvHMGR3 in the process of grape fruit coloring and aroma formation, and provided a new idea to explain the loss of grape aroma and poor coloring during production. There may be an additive effect between color and aroma in the HMGR expression aspect.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. The six major hormones play important roles in plants, among these, ABA, gibberellins (GA), and cytokinins (CK) are isoprenoid compounds, and BR has sterol-based structures [8]. Thirdly, it is closely related to the formation of fruit quality.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressional diversity of grapevine 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (VvHMGR) in different grapes genotypes

Zheng

Guan

et al. 2021

BMC Plant Biol

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“…Because HMGR encodes a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway in the biosynthesis of terpenes, which has more branches in plants compared with other organisms [39], its expression can be upregulated by a wide variety of external stimuli, such as ABA, MeJA, SA, and other factors [40][41][42]. Therefore, HMGR expression was selected to validate the candidate reference genes.…”

Section: Validation Of the Selected Reference Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of suitable reference genes for studies of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl.

et al. 2021

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Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. (Oleaceae) is a species of shrub with a limited distribution in China. Several chemical compounds with pharmacological effects have been isolated from S. pinnatifolia, including new lignans and sesquiterpenes. Studies of gene expression in this species require the identification of suitable reference genes that are stably expressed under different conditions and in different tissues. To identify candidate reference genes, here we used the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms to analyze the stability of 12 candidate genes. The geometric mean of the rankings generated with these algorithms was used to obtain a comprehensive ranking. TBP and PP2A were found to be appropriate reference genes for calli treated with different external stimuli, and TIP41 and TBP were found to be appropriate reference genes in differentiated tissues. When calli and differentiated tissues were considered together, TBP and TIP41 were found to be the most reliable reference genes. The selected genes were validated by analysis of HMGR expression in calli and differentiated tissues. This study is the first to screen candidate reference genes in the genus Syringa and could help guide future molecular studies in this genus. Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. (Oleaceae) is a species of shrub with a limited distribution in China [1]. Its peeled stems, roots, and twigs, called shanchenxiang in Chinese, are important in traditional Mongolian medicine [2], where they are used to treat palpitations, angina pectoris, myocardial ischemia, and other cardiovascular diseases [3].Researchers exploring the pharmacological properties of S. pinnatifolia have isolated and identified a variety of chemical compounds, including new lignans [4,5] and sesquiterpenes [6][7][8][9], as well as compounds known from other plants [10,11]. A number of these compounds, acquired from different tissues, exhibit pharmacological effects, including antibacterial [6,10], anti-inflammatory [10,12], antioxidant [4,8], antitumor [13], and cardioprotective [10] effects. The main compounds responsible for the pharmacological properties of S. pinnatifolia are the lignans and terpenes, with the sesquiterpenes showing the strongest effects. Accordingly, it may be useful to determine the biological mechanism governing the distribution of these components within the plant.

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“…However yeast, fungi, and plants all contain more than one HMG-CoA reductase gene. Yeast, fungi and Arabidopsis thaliana all contain two genes (Basson et al 1986;Enjuto et al 1994;Stermer et al 1994). A. thaliana HMG-CoA reductase 1 (HMG1) is detected in all tissues, whereas the HMG2 is restricted to young seedlings and roots.…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of Peroxisomes in Isoprenoid Biosynthesis

Aboushadi

Engfelt

Paton

et al. 1999

J Histochem Cytochem.

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Our group and others have recently demonstrated that peroxisomes contain a number of enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis that previously were considered to be cytosolic or located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Peroxisomes have been shown to contain HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate decarboxylase, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, and FPP synthase. Four of the five enzymes required for the conversion of mevalonate to FPP contain a conserved putative PTS1 or PTS2, supporting the concept of targeted transport into peroxisomes. To date, no information is available regarding the function of the peroxisomal HMG-CoA reductase in cholesterol/isoprenoid metabolism, and the structure of the peroxisomal HMG-CoA reductase has yet to be determined. We have identified a mammalian cell line that expresses only one HMG-CoA reductase protein, and which is localized exclusively to peroxisomes, to facilitate our studies on the function, regulation, and structure of the peroxisomal HMG-CoA reductase. This cell line was obtained by growing UT2 cells (which lack the ER HMG-CoA reductase) in the absence of mevalonate. The surviving cells exhibited a marked increase in a 90-kD HMG-CoA reductase that was localized exclusively to peroxisomes. The wild-type CHO cells contain two HMG-CoA reductase proteins, the well-characterized 97-kD protein localized in the ER, and a 90-kD protein localized in peroxisomes. We have also identified the mutations in the UT2 cells responsible for the lack of the 97-kD protein. In addition, peroxisomal-deficient Pex2 CHO cell mutants display reduced HMG-CoA reductase levels and have reduced rates of sterol and nonsterol biosynthesis. These data further support the proposal that peroxisomes play an essential role in isoprenoid biosynthesis.

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Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity in plants.

Cited by 190 publications

References 39 publications

Expressional diversity of grapevine 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (VvHMGR) in different grapes genotypes

Expressional diversity of grapevine 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (VvHMGR) in different grapes genotypes

Identification of suitable reference genes for studies of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl.

Role of Peroxisomes in Isoprenoid Biosynthesis

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