Regulation of perineuronal net components in the synaptic bouton vicinity on lumbar α-motoneurons in the rat after spinalization and locomotor training: New insights from spatio-temporal changes in gene, protein expression and WFA labeling

Recovery of forearm and fine digit function after chronic spinal cord injury by simultaneous blockade of inhibitory matrix CSPG production and the receptor PTPσ

“…Within a day after injury, CSPGs increase within and adjacent to the forming glial scar [15][16][17][18] . This upregulation also occurs in the PNN in areas rostral and caudal to the injury site in denervated distal targets [10][11][12][13][14]73 . Thus, inhibitory CSPGs up-regulate expansively along the neuraxis within, proximal and distal to the lesion epicenter, leading to limited regeneration through the lesion or back into target nuclei and curtailing potential sprouting/plasticity over large distances that could occur from remaining or spared fiber systems either ipsilateral or contralateral to the lesion [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]19,20,75 .…”

“…Silver & Silver, 2014). This upregulation also occurs in the PNN in areas rostral and caudal to the injury site in denervated distal targets (Alilain et al, 2011;Busch & Silver, 2007;Grycz et al, 2022;Luo et al, 2018;Massey, 2006;Tran, Warren, et al, 2018).…”

“…Their effects can be greatly decreased by enzymatic digestion using the bacterial enzyme, Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) 13,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][74][75][76][77] . ChABC is routinely used for degrading the chondroitin sulfated GAG-chains away from their resident core proteins and has been shown in various models of SCI to have pre-clinical benefits with improvements in both locomotor ability and increased axonal regeneration/sprouting toward and into previously denervated spinal sensory or motor centers 10,13,36,37,73,74 . There has only been limited success when ChABC was used alone or when coupled with other strategies, such as rehabilitative training, in sub-chronic SCI models.…”

“…Their effects can be greatly decreased by enzymatic digestion using the bacterial enzyme, Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) (Alilain et al, 2011;Brown et al, 2012;Cafferty et al, 2008;García-Alías et al, 2009;Karimi-Abdolrezaee et al, 2012;Massey et al, 2008;Miller & Hsieh-Wilson, 2015;Ramer et al, 2014;Sakamoto et al, 2019Sakamoto et al, , 2021Sakamoto & Kadomatsu, 2017;. ChABC is routinely used for degrading the chondroitin sulfated GAG-chains away from their resident core proteins and has been shown in various models of SCI to have pre-clinical benefits with improvements in both locomotor ability and increased axonal regeneration/sprouting toward and into previously denervated spinal sensory or motor centers (Alilain et al, 2011;Brown et al, 2012;Grycz et al, 2022;Massey, 2006;Shinozaki et al, 2016;D. Wang et al, 2011).…”

BDNF Spinal Overexpression after Spinal Cord Injury Partially Protects Soleus Neuromuscular Junction from Disintegration, Increasing VAChT and AChE Transcripts in Soleus but Not Tibialis Anterior Motoneurons

“…The results of our group showed that SCT in rats reduced peripheral proprioceptive glutamatergic and V0 C -interneuron-derived cholinergic innervation of the lumbar MNs. That was accompanied by changes in the density of perineuronal nets in the vicinity of these MNs [ 8 , 9 , 14 ]. Subsequent studies revealed that the time-course of changes in the number of inputs on the ankle extensor (soleus; Sol) and flexor (tibialis anterior; TA) MNs was different, indicating a different vulnerability of extensor and flexor circuits to spinal injury [ 8 , 15 ].…”