Regulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-8 receptor (IL-8R) gene transcription in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), DNA vaccination and chemokines

The CXC chemokine receptors of fish: Insights into CXCR evolution in the vertebrates

“…It is well known that their probable cognate ligands (CXCL8_L1 and CXCL8_L2) are induced after immune stimulation or pathogen infection (Abdelkhalek et al, 2009;Alejo and Tafalla, 2011;Huising et al, 2003b;Laing et al, 2002;Laing and Secombes, 2004;Peddie et al, 2002). In rainbow trout, both the CXCR1a/IL-8R and its ligand CXCL8_L1/IL-8 can be up-regulated in kidney, spleen and muscle by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and infection (Montero et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2014a;Zhang et al, 2002), and in fibroblast (RTG-2) and monocyte/macrophage like (RTS-11) cell lines by cytokine stimulation . In support of this observation, recombinant CXCL8/IL-8 also exhibits marked chemoattractant activity for neutrophils when injected into the peritoneal cavity (Harun et al, 2008; van der Aa et al, 2012), and has been shown to induce calcium mobilisation in stimulated granulocytes (van der Aa et al, 2012).…”

“…trout naturally infected with the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, increased expression of CXCR2 (no change for CXCR1) is observed in kidney (Xu et al, 2014a). Interestingly, infection of fish with Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) led to a decrease of CXCR1/IL-8R transcripts in such tissues, suggesting that viruses may interfere with the host chemokine system to establish infection (Montero et al, 2008). Stress mediators such as adrenaline can significantly reduce zymosan induced migration of monocytes/macrophages expressing CXCR1 and CXCR2 in the peritoneal cavity of carp (Kepka et al, 2013).…”

Chemokine transcription in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is differently modulated in response to viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) or infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)

“…Therefore, we studied the effects that both VHSV and IPNV, both of great relevance in aquaculture, may have on rainbow trout chemokine transcription, and compared them to the effects that a viral mimic such as poly I:C may provoke, in order to determine which chemokines might be virus-specific or which might me regulated upon recognition of viral patterns such as those of poly I:C. It is well known that chemokine-induced migration and activation of leucocytes is a very complex process that is also regulated at the level of transcription as well as surface expression of the corresponding chemokine receptors, but our study constitutes a first step towards the elucidation of which chemokines are more involved in viral defence and/or pathogenesis in rainbow trout. For example, previous results obtained by our group demonstrated that while VHSV up-regulated the translation of IL-8 [28], it down-modulated the transcription of its receptor [35].…”

Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the CXCR4 Gene from Turbot: Scophthalmus maximus

“…The downregulation of chemokine receptors by pathogens is a common pathogenic effect [36]. For example, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection in rainbow trout induced a downmodulation of the levels of transcription of IL-8 receptor early after infection in spleen and head kidney [37]. Previous studies found that the high levels of SDF-1 could reduce the expression of CXCR4 [32, 33].…”