Regulation of Sulfur Homeostasis in Mycorrhizal Maize Plants Grown in a Fe-Limited Environment

Abstract

Sulfur is an essential macronutrient for growth of higher plants. The entry of the sulfate anion into the plant, its importation into the plastids for assimilation, its long-distance transport through the vasculature, and its storage in the vacuoles require specific sulfate transporter proteins. In this study, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal maize plants were grown for 60 days in an S-deprived substrate, whilst iron was provided to the plants in the sparingly soluble form of FePO4. On day 60, sulfate was provided to the plants. The gene expression patterns of a number of sulfate transporters as well as sulfate assimilation enzymes were studied in leaves and roots of maize plants, both before as well as after sulfate supply. Prolonged sulfur deprivation resulted in a more or less uniform response of the genes’ expressions in the roots of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants. This was not the case neither in the roots and leaves after the supply of sulfur, nor in the leaves of the plants during the S-deprived period of time. It is concluded that mycorrhizal symbiosis modified plant demands for reduced sulfur, regulating accordingly the uptake, distribution, and assimilation of the sulfate anion.

The Role of Sulfur in Agronomic Biofortification with Essential Micronutrients

“…Symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increases the uptake of nutrients, such as P, Fe, and Zn, that are sparingly soluble in rhizosphere. Mycorrhizal symbiosis modifies plant demands for reduced S and regulates the uptake, distribution, and assimilation of the sulfate accordingly [ 225 ]. Sulfate possibly regulates the expression of ZmNAS1, ZmNAS3, and ZmYS1 genes, revealing its potential role as signal molecule for the Fe homeostasis in AMF plants.…”