Regulation of thymic T regulatory cell differentiation by TECs in health and disease

Tao, Zehua; Jiang, Yalan; Sheng, Xia

doi:10.1111/sji.13094

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(314 reference statements)

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“…Thymus is the central immune organ responsible for T cells' development, differentiation and maturation. Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are the main components of the thymic matrix, which are composed of cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs) [34,35]. cTECs is generally defined as EpCAM + Ly-51 + CD45 -, while mTECs and defined as EpCAM + Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-1) + CD45 -.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides attenuates Klebsiella infection in immunocompromised mice by modulating immunity

Liang,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Radiotherapy and chemotherapy compromise individuals’ immunity clinically, resulting in increased opportunistic infections. In this study, the cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised C57BL/6J mouse with Klebsiella infection was hired to analyze the effect of the active components of Acanthopanax senticosus on anti-infection for immunocompromised individuals. As a result, Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS) was selected with the best effect. For immunocompromised C57BL/6J mouse, ASPS increased its indices of thymus and spleen, reducing the bacteria load in lung and protecting the function of liver. Meanwhile, ASPS obviously boosted the total number of thymocytes and the number of CD4+ T cells in spleen, promoting the proportions of CD4+ TCM and TEM cells, while decreasing that of CD4+ TEMRA cells in in peripheral blood. Moreover, ASPS enhanced the number of NF-κB+, CD192+ Mφ and NF-κB+ neutrophils in the abdomen and strengthened their antibacterial function, however, reduced the number of NF-κB+ Mφ and neutrophils in the spleen reducing inflammation. It is also observed by immunofluorescence that the NF-κB expression of peritoneal Mφ increased evidently after the mice were treated with ASPS. In conclusion, ASPS has an obvious effect against infection for immunocompromised mice by promoting immunity recovery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides attenuates Klebsiella infection in immunocompromised mice by modulating immunity

Liang,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Tregs primarily consist of two subsets: thymus-derived Tregs (tTregs) and periphery-derived Tregs (pTregs). Both subsets express the transcription factor Foxp3 [78]. The thymus is crucial for tTreg generation, which involves two steps.…”

Section: Tregsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human T cell development and aging: Remodeling throughout the lifespan

Mao,

Feng,

Luo

et al. 2024

Aging Research

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T cell development and remodeling during aging are crucial for immune health in late life and human healthspan. In this review, we delve into the mechanisms underlying these processes, with a focus on thymus development and involution, and their implications in immune function for older adults. We examine T cell subset development, including conventional naïve and regulatory T cells, effector and memory subsets, and unique subsets like γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and natural killer T (NKT) cells. Our insights highlight the importance of enhancing immune function in older individuals and suggest potential strategies for overcoming the obstacles in studying T cell development and aging.

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“…Such expression is regulated by the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) transcription factor and avoids the development of self-antigen reactive cells, therefore preventing autoimmunity ( 17 , 18 ). Alternatively, some clones that recognize self-antigens with high avidity become regulatory CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells (Treg), through a mechanism dependent on the TCR signaling avidity and duration ( 19 , 20 ).…”

Section: The Thymic Microenvironment and Intrathymic T-cell Different...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymus, undernutrition, and infection: Approaching cellular and molecular interactions

et al. 2022

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Undernutrition remains a major issue in global health. Low protein-energy consumption, results in stunting, wasting and/or underweight, three deleterious forms of malnutrition that affect roughly 200 million children under the age of five years. Undernutrition compromises the immune system with the generation of various degrees of immunodeficiency, which in turn, renders undernourished individuals more sensitive to acute infections. The severity of various infectious diseases including visceral leishmaniasis (VL), influenza, and tuberculosis is associated with undernutrition. Immunosuppression resulting from protein-energy undernutrition severely impacts primary and secondary lymphoid organs involved in the response to related pathogens. The thymus—a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the generation of T lymphocytes—is particularly compromised by both undernutrition and infectious diseases. In this respect, we will discuss herein various intrathymic cellular and molecular interactions seen in undernutrition alone or in combination with acute infections. Many examples illustrated in studies on humans and experimental animals clearly revealed that protein-related undernutrition causes thymic atrophy, with cortical thymocyte depletion. Moreover, the non-lymphoid microenvironmental compartment of the organ undergoes important changes in thymic epithelial cells, including their secretory products such as hormones and extracellular matrix proteins. Of note, deficiencies in vitamins and trace elements also induce thymic atrophy. Interestingly, among the molecular interactions involved in the control of undernutrition-induced thymic atrophy is a hormonal imbalance with a rise in glucocorticoids and a decrease in leptin serum levels. Undernutrition also yields a negative impact of acute infections upon the thymus, frequently with the intrathymic detection of pathogens or their antigens. For instance, undernourished mice infected with Leishmania infantum (that causes VL) undergo drastic thymic atrophy, with significant reduction in thymocyte numbers, and decreased levels of intrathymic chemokines and cytokines, indicating that both lymphoid and microenvironmental compartments of the organ are affected. Lastly, recent data revealed that some probiotic bacteria or probiotic fermented milks improve the thymus status in a model of malnutrition, thus raising a new field for investigation, namely the thymus-gut connection, indicating that probiotics can be envisioned as a further adjuvant therapy in the control of thymic changes in undernutrition accompanied or not by infection.

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Regulation of thymic T regulatory cell differentiation by TECs in health and disease

Cited by 8 publications

References 147 publications

Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides attenuates Klebsiella infection in immunocompromised mice by modulating immunity

Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides attenuates Klebsiella infection in immunocompromised mice by modulating immunity

Human T cell development and aging: Remodeling throughout the lifespan

Thymus, undernutrition, and infection: Approaching cellular and molecular interactions

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