Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion

Abstract

Purines perform many important functions in the cell, being the formation of the monomeric precursors of nucleic acids DNA and RNA the most relevant one. Purines which also contribute to modulate energy metabolism and signal transduction, are structural components of some coenzymes and have been shown to play important roles in the physiology of platelets, muscles and neurotransmission. All cells require a balanced quantity of purines for growth, proliferation and survival. Under physiological conditions the enzymes involved in the purine metabolism maintain in the cell a balanced ratio between their synthesis and degradation. In humans the final compound of purines catabolism is uric acid. All other mammals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin that is easily eliminated through urine. Overproduction of uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has been proven to play emerging roles in human disease. In fact the increase of serum uric acid is inversely associated with disease severity and especially with cardiovascular disease states. This review describes the enzymatic pathways involved in the degradation of purines, getting into their structure and biochemistry until the uric acid formation.

Optimization Of Elevating Blood Uric Acid Levels With High Purine Diet

“…Purine metabolism process that occurs continously by giving high purine diet on the rats will cause increasing levels of purine. Purines will be converted into hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid by the activity of xanthine oxidase enzymes [3]. The renal function in this group is still normal.…”

“…Hyperuricemia is a condition of increased blood uric acid levels exceeds normal levels caused by abnormal purine metabolism, whether overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid. Normal value of uric acid in women is 1.5 to 6.0 mg/dL and in men is 2.5 to 7.0 mg/dL [3,4]. Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism (adenine and guanine), which is produced in tissues due to the activity of xanthine oxidase enzymes that contained in the liver and small intestine.…”

“…Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism (adenine and guanine), which is produced in tissues due to the activity of xanthine oxidase enzymes that contained in the liver and small intestine. Uric acid can be secreted through the kidneys under normal circumstances [3]. Uric acid acts as an antioxidant if the levels are not excessive in the blood.…”

Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Decrystallization: An Alternative Approach to Potential Treatment of Crystal Deposition Diseases

“…Xanthine oxidase is a hormone needed for the production of UA from purine nucleotides [24]. The major flaw in the current non-conventional approach is the lack of extensive research in this area and, subsequently, there are no specific dosing for the herbs [25][26][27].…”

Analysis of Uric Acid Elevation

“…It has endogenous and exogenous sources. The endogenous sources arise from tissues such as the liver, muscles, intestines, kidneys, and vascular endothelium (1,2). The exogenous sources mostly originate from foods of animal origin and are also generated from fructose in fruit (1).…”