Regulatory Mechanisms to Mitigate the Vulnerability of Power Systems to Blackouts

A Multi-Layer Security Scheme for Mitigating Smart Grid Vulnerability against Faults and Cyber-Attacks

“…In our suggested model, the power grid is formulated to charge the electrical loads in order to minimize the total cost of generation [36,37]. For more clarification, the objective function and limits of the smart grid are literally represented in ( 14)- (26). Equation (14) shows the objective function including the operation cost, start-up/shotdown costs, and cost of power exchange all of which need to be minimized.…”

“…In the other classification of the literature, surveys related to the network vulnerable points, effective vulnerability mitigation methods have been focused on ensuring reliability and resiliency of the grid. In the context of applications to strengthen power grid ability and prevent consequential accidents, many attempts have been made by industrial initiatives [24,25], supervisory mechanisms [26], load reduction techniques [27], and employment of energy storage [28]. This investigation employs microgrids for vulnerability mitigation.…”

“…As expressed in reference [31], considering the basic structure and approach of both the blockchain technology and the RL method, it is expected that the proposed framework can be acceptably able to cover attack types related to unauthorized access, interception, distributed denial of service (DDOS) and the balanced attack. To realize the challenges expressed in this paper, Table 1 shows the main differences between the recent investigations and the suggested approach in detail [7,26,[32][33][34]. As it can be seen, the authors in [31] have tried to provide a security platform for the smart grid without considering the network's vulnerable points.…”

Índices de seguridad de voltaje calculados con datos de unidades fasoriales de medida

“…Estos sistemas ya se encuentran implementados en Canadá, USA, Brasil, Suecia y China [3], [8], [9], [10]. Los sistemas WAMPC son un mecanismo para mitigar los problemas de estabilidad de voltaje [11,12,13,14].…”

“…Así, un asunto de interés es cómo los rangos de valores de la escala numérica de cada índice se pueden transformar en una escala semántica o gráfica con la cual se indique al operador, en forma cualitativa, el estado de la seguridad de voltaje del sistema. Para esto, se realizó el siguiente estudio de contingencias y se tomó como sistema de prueba el IEEE RTS One Area [12].…”