2007
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i36.4858
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Regulatory T cells in viral hepatitis

Abstract: The pathogenesis and outcome of viral infections are significantly influenced by the host immune response. The immune system is able to eliminate many viruses in the acute phase of infection. However, some viruses, like hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), can evade the host immune responses and establish a persistent infection. HCV and HBV persistence is caused by various mechanisms, like subversion of innate immune responses by viral factors, the emergence of T cell escape mutations, or T cel… Show more

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Cited by 61 publications
(64 citation statements)
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References 68 publications
(100 reference statements)
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“…HCV as a noncytopathic virus seems to exploit host mechanisms for reducing immune-related liver damage (6) and for controlling excessive immune responses (42). It adversely affects many functions of the host immune system but does not incapacitate it completely, suggesting a long history of HCV adaptation to humans.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…HCV as a noncytopathic virus seems to exploit host mechanisms for reducing immune-related liver damage (6) and for controlling excessive immune responses (42). It adversely affects many functions of the host immune system but does not incapacitate it completely, suggesting a long history of HCV adaptation to humans.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the humoral antibody response to viral envelope antigens contributes to the clearance of circulating virus particles, the cellular immune response to the envelope, nucleocapsid, and polymerase antigens eliminates infected cells. The class I-and class II-restricted T cell responses to the virus are vigorous, polyclonal, and multispecific in acutely infected patients who successfully clear the virus, while the responses are weak and [24] . The pathogenetic and antiviral potential of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to HBV has been demonstrated by the induction of a severe necro-inflammatory liver disease following the adoptive transfer of HBsAg-specific CTL into HBV transgenic mice, and by the non-cytolytic suppression of viral gene expression and replication in the same animals by a post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 2 [20] .…”
Section: Hepatitis B Virusmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…CD4 1 CD25 1 regulatory T cells are immunosuppressive T cells that play an essential role in controlling immune responses and autoimmunity. 4 Recent findings suggest that regulatory T cells (Tregs) may also play a role in regulating immune responses to HBV infection. 8 High levels of Tregs have been detected in CHB and are thought to be responsible for the chronicity of hepatitis B infection, probably by inhibiting HBV-specific T-cell responses.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3,4 In addition, type 2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-5, may also be involved in the clearance of circulating virus by promoting the production of neutralizing antibodies against the HBV surface and core antigens. 5 In chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the T-cell response and circulating cytokine profile are associated with viral replication and liver function.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%