“…Despite novel technologies and constant developments in polymer chemistry, there is still a lack of information regarding the bonding performance of modern universal adhesive systems [ 1 ]. Currently, these types of adhesive systems represent an advanced choice for dental practitioners, as they can be used in self-etch, etch-and-rinse, or a selective enamel-etching mode [ 2 , 3 ]. However, the bonding efficiency of universal adhesives is still questioned, as the durability and stability of the dentin–adhesive interface are limited, especially when used in etched dentin [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”