Reinforcement effects in fractal-structure-filled rubber

Mélé, P.; Marceau, Sandrine; Brown, David; Puydt, Yves De; Albérola, N.

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00385-3

Cited by 112 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…On the other hand, SAXS data is highly representative due to the macroscopic sample size that is probed but these data have to be fitted with a suitable model function in order to obtain structural information. Several structural studies in SBR and NR filled compounds have been undertaken by different groups [15][16][17][18][19][20] . However, due to the complex hierarchical morphologies associated to the fillers and their diversity of sizes, to date there is no analytical model consistently describing the structure at all length scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Filler Structure in Silica-Filled SBR Compounds by Means of Saxs and Afm

Otegui

Miccio

Arbe

et al. 2015

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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The structure of silica particles network in two different solution styrene-butadiene rubbers (S-SBR) was studied by means of small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). S-SBR compounds with different silica contents were analyzed in comparison with their oil extended counterparts. A study into the application of Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering experiments was defined in order to quantify the structures of silica primary particles and clusters in filled rubber compounds up to very high levels of filler content. We propose a modified structure model, which is physically sounder than the widely used Beaucage model and leads to more robust quantification of the silica structures. In addition, an independent characterization of the filler structure was performed by means of AFM. The cluster and particle sizes deduced from both techniques are in close agreement supporting the here proposed approach. The synergetic application of SAXS and AFM allows a consistent and robust characterization of primary particles and clusters in terms of size and structure.These results were compared and discussed in the framework of previously published works.2

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, equation 18 shows that a higher N p,Rg value in S-SBR-o is related to a higher compactness as well as to a higher cl g R , . Therefore, the combination of a slightly higher cl g R , and a higher d cl for S-SBR-o explains the differences compared to S-SBR.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Filler Structure in Silica-Filled SBR Compounds by Means of Saxs and Afm

Otegui

Miccio

Arbe

et al. 2015

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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“…Thus, the mechanical properties of the composite will depend on the interface interactions and the contact area. It is believed that interfaces behave as an additional reinforcement; this behavior has been shown for silica-reinforced rubber and numerical simulations validate that observation [18]. The interface region is built up by layers of polymeric molecules strongly attached to the silica so that their mobility is lower [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Poly(methyl acrylate) plus Mesoporous Silica Nanohybrids: Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties

et al. 2007

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Abstract:A mesoporous silica MCM-48 is used as a reinforcement agent for poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA). Methyl acrylate is introduced into the mesoporous silica that has an interconnected porous structure, allowing monomer diffusion into the pores before the polymerization reaction. In order to improve the silica plus polymer adhesion and to decrease the silica agglomeration, the silanol groups of the silica are functionalized with methyl groups without decreasing significantly the pore size. The silica is characterized by nitrogen adsorption, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The nanohybrids so obtained are analyzed by tensile testing, thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). The highest improvement of mechanical and thermophysical properties is achieved for nanohybrids containing 5 wt. % mesoporous silica. At 10 % silica, agglomeration of the filler takes place and the dispersed phase is less effective in reinforcing the polymer matrix.

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“…5,22,23 The mechanism and factors affecting the formation of bound rubber are very complicated. 33,34 Figure 5 shows the effect of SA content on the bound rubber content of rubber compounds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method proposed by the reported procedure was used to determine the bound rubber content in different rubber compounds. 22,23 Uncured rubber compounds were kept for a week at room temperature for the determination of bound rubber. All samples (about 2 g each) were cut into small pieces and placed in a steel wire basket.…”

Section: Xpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significantly improved performance of rubber/silica composites by addition of sorbic acid

Guo

Chen

Lei

et al. 2010

Polym J

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Sorbic acid (SA) was used to improve the performance of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/silica composites by direct blending. The mechanisms for the significantly improved performance were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and by the determinations of bound rubber content and crosslink density. The strong interfacial bonding between silica and the rubber matrix resulted from SA-intermediated linkages. Significantly improved dispersion of silica by virtue of the interactions between silica and SA was found. Formation of zinc disorbate during compounding of composites was confirmed. The effects of SA content on vulcanization behavior, morphology, mechanical properties and abrasion loss of composites were studied. Significantly improved mechanical properties of SA-modified SBR/silica composites were demonstrated. Changes in vulcanization behavior, morphology and performance were correlated with the interactions between silica and SA and the largely improved dispersion of silica. Polymer Journal ( Keywords: interface; SA; SBR; silica; zinc disorbate INTRODUCTION Silica is one of the most important reinforcing fillers in the rubber industry. As a reinforcing filler, silica provides a unique combination of high tear strength, high modulus and fatigue resistance, particularly low rolling resistance and superior wet traction for 'green' tire tread applications. 1-5 However, numerous hydrophilic silanols exist on the silica surface, resulting in strong filler-filler interactions and poor affinity toward hydrocarbon rubbers, such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). [6][7][8] It is well accepted that dispersion and interfacial bonding are two crucial factors in determining the ultimate performance of rubber/silica composites. 6 Owing to unsatisfactory dispersion and interfacial interactions, the performance of pristine silica-filled SBR compounds in areas such as strength and abrasion resistance hardly meets the requirements for high-performance rubber products. Numerous routes for improving the performance of silicareinforced rubber compounds have been attempted, and some success has been achieved. Incorporation of silanes, especially those containing polysulfides such as Si69 and Si75, during the processing of rubber/silica compounds is the most common practice for improving the overall performance. These modifications establish chemical linkages between the rubber network and the silica surface. [9][10][11][12] Alternatively, grafting techniques also render better dispersion and interfacial bonding in rubber/silica systems. [13][14][15][16][17] For example, Inoubli et al. 14 investigated polybutylacrylate (PBA) filled with Stöber silica particles grafted with PBA chains; their small-angle neutron scattering and transmission electron microscopy results showed well-dispersed grafted silica particles in the PBA matrix. Other methods such as

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Reinforcement effects in fractal-structure-filled rubber

Cited by 112 publications

References 23 publications

Determination of Filler Structure in Silica-Filled SBR Compounds by Means of Saxs and Afm

Determination of Filler Structure in Silica-Filled SBR Compounds by Means of Saxs and Afm

Poly(methyl acrylate) plus Mesoporous Silica Nanohybrids: Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties

Significantly improved performance of rubber/silica composites by addition of sorbic acid

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