Reinforcement Strategies for Load-Bearing Calcium Phosphate Biocements

Abstract

Calcium phosphate biocements based on calcium phosphate chemistry are well-established biomaterials for the repair of non-load bearing bone defects due to the brittle nature and low flexural strength of such cements. This article features reinforcement strategies of biocements based on various intrinsic or extrinsic material modifications to improve their strength and toughness. Altering particle size distribution in conjunction with using liquefiers reduces the amount of cement liquid necessary for cement paste preparation. This in turn decreases cement porosity and increases the mechanical performance, but does not change the brittle nature of the cements. The use of fibers may lead to a reinforcement of the matrix with a toughness increase of up to two orders of magnitude, but restricts at the same time cement injection for minimal invasive application techniques. A novel promising approach is the concept of dual-setting cements, in which a second hydrogel phase is simultaneously formed during setting, leading to more ductile cement–hydrogel composites with largely unaffected application properties.

Synthesis of β-AgVO3 nanowires by hydrothermal and precipitation routes: a comparative study

“…Sample H1 is a more stable colloidal dispersion since the higher (in modulus) value of zeta potential prevents the agglomeration of particles due to the reduction of intraparticle attractive forces [49]. Therefore, the presence of hydroxyl functional groups on the surface of AgVO 3 particles may aid the functionalization process with another chemical groups, expanding the applications of AgVO 3 particles as reinforcement agent in nanocomposites.…”

Hydrogels that allow and facilitate bone repair, remodeling, and regeneration

“…50 However, the formation of composites that combine hydrogels with stronger materials already used in bone tissue engineering, such as bone cements, is more commonly performed 51 . (For more detailed synthetic approaches to such materials please see D’Este et al 52 and Geffers et al 53 These materials are commonly composited with collagen, hyaluronic acid, or polysaccharide hydrogels, whose syntheses and composite formation are described in more detail in Ferreira et al 54 , Xu et al 55 , and Khan et al 56 , respectively. )…”

Biodegradable Metallic Wires in Dental and Orthopedic Applications: A Review

“…Generally, the mechanical strength of CPC is similar to that of trabecular bone, or one-fifth of that of cortical bone [138]. Reinforcement of CPC with fibers is one of the most promising approaches for its application in thin and large bone defects as well as stress-bearing locations [135]. The fiber reinforced calcium phosphate cement (FRCPC) concept was firstly introduced by Gonten et al in 2000 [139].…”

“…Among the wide range of synthetic materials, calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is known to be the most resemble synthetic material to natural bone thus is clinically suitable for the repair of bone defects in a variety of orthopedic and dental applications [134,135]. Although CPCs are biodegradable, biocompatible, osteoconductive and have proper compression strength, because of their low bending and tensile strength and low fracture toughness their applications are limited to non-load bearing areas such as small cranial and maxillo-facial surgeries [136,137].…”