Reinforcing effect caused by equal channel multiple angular extrusion of polymers manufactured by the FDM process: Experimental investigation and mathematical modeling

Abstract

The effect of orientation of the layers of the original structure of polymers produced by fused deposition modeling (FDM) on the reinforcing effect caused by succeeding equal channel multiple angular extrusion (ECMAE) is studied. As test objects, glassy acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS), glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET-G) and semicrystalline PET are selected, as well as layered composites ABS/PET and ABS/PET-G. It is demonstrated that ECMAE results in enhancement of microhardness, storage modulus, impact strength. The density, the glass transition temperature, the melting temperature are increased, too. The crystallinity degree of extrudates is enhanced. It is shown that an increment in the mechanical characteristics is better in the case of longitudinal position of the melt layers, as compared to the transversal one. The achieved effects are related to the pore healing, formation of orientation ordering, and enhanced interphase interaction and homogenization of the system in the course of production of layered composites of thermodynamically incompatible polymers. A physical model is suggested that describes the behavior of the layered materials under ECMAE.

Low-Cost Cranioplasty—A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine

“…In addition, it produces toxic fumes during the printing process [ 169 ]. The printing temperature for ABS and PET-G is similar, around 240 °C [ 170 ]. ABS implants are inert, biocompatible and permit tissue integration [ 171 ].…”

Effect of raster angle on the fracture properties of additively manufactured ABS via essential work of fracture

“…11 Numerous studies have concentrated on utilizing FDM to analyze 3D-printed ABS properties. [12][13][14] Fused deposition modeling technology poses a major challenge due to the presence of air gaps, uneven surface texture, axial weakness, and delamination due to temperature fluctuations. 12 FDM methodology due to the layer formation process results in the internal structure, dimensional accuracy, mechanical, and fracture properties mainly depending on the process parameters.…”

“…The impact resistance, mechanical strength, and dimensional stability of ABS make it ideal for tough products 11 . Numerous studies have concentrated on utilizing FDM to analyze 3D‐printed ABS properties 12–14 …”

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Severely Deformed Polypropylene in ECAE (Equal Channel Angular Extrusion) via Routes A and C

“…Experimentally, the ECAE effectiveness in altering the morphology and the mechanical properties was reported in the literature for a variety of semi-crystalline and glassy amorphous polymers, such as polycarbonate [ 1 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], polymethylmethacrylate [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], low-density polyethylene [ 15 , 16 ], high-density polyethylene [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], polyoxymethylene [ 18 ], polypropylene (PP) [ 17 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], polyamide-6 [ 16 , 19 , 30 , 31 ], polyethylene terephthalate [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene [ 36 ], acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ 35 ], polytetrafluoroethylene [ 16 , 18 , 19 ], polylactide [ 37 , 38 ], fiber-reinforced polyacetal composites [ 39 ], polyamide-6-clay nanocomposites [ 30 , 40 , 41 ] and graphite-carbon-reinforced ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composites [ 42 , 43 ]. The reader may ...…”