REL1, a Homologue of Drosophila Dorsal, Regulates Toll Antifungal Immune Pathway in the Female Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Shin, Sang Woon; Kokoza, Vladimir; Bian, Guowu; Cheon, Hyang-Mi; Kim, Yu Jung; Raikhel, Alexander S.

doi:10.1074/jbc.m500711200

Cited by 113 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…However, recent studies have shown that the Aedes orthologue of REL1 is not involved in defense against bacteria but only against fungal infections (32). Likewise, our preliminary results in Anopheles indicate that REL2 is the only NF-B factor implicated in the antibacterial defense against E. coli and S. aureus.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Meister

Kanzok

Zheng

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

241

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We show that, in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, expression of Cecropin 1 is regulated by REL2, an NF-B-like transcription factor orthologous to Drosophila Relish. Through alternative splicing, REL2 produces a full-length (REL2-F) and a shorter (REL2-S) protein isoform lacking the inhibitory ankyrin repeats and death domain. RNA interference experiments show that, in contrast to Drosophila Relish, which responds solely to Gram-negative bacteria, the Anopheles REL2-F and REL2-S isoforms are involved in defense against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, respectively. REL2-F also regulates the intensity of mosquito infection with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. The adaptor IMD shares the same activities as REL2-F. Microarray analysis identified 10 additional genes regulated by REL2, including CEC3, GAM1, and LRIM1.innate immunity ͉ NF-B ͉ Relish ͉ Cecropin ͉ Imd

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Meister

Kanzok

Zheng

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

241

300

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“…The other is that BmRelish1 has a higher ability to enhance the promoter activity of AMP genes than BmRels. Dorsal and Relish homologs have also been found in other insects, such as Anopheles gambiae, 36,37) Aedes aegypti, 38,39) and Tribolium castaneum, 40) but differences in the amounts of Rel family proteins have not yet been reported in other insects. Whether this phenomenon is silkworm-or Lepidoptera-specific ought to be elucidated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Differential Expression of Silkworm Antimicrobial Peptide Genes with Different Amounts of Rel Family Proteins and Their Gene Transcriptional Activity

Tanaka

Sagisaka

Nakajima

et al. 2009

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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“…signal (NLS) (RKRQK) which characterize all NF-B family of proteins. Interestingly, the TD of CrNF B lacks the polyglutamine, polyalanine, and polyasparagine stretches, which characterizes the TD of several insect Dorsal-like proteins (12). A phylogenetic analysis shows that CrNF B clustered among Dorsal-like proteins that belong to the invertebrate class II NF-B (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the ancient origin of the NF-κB/IκB cascade: Its archaic role in pathogen infection and immunity

Wang

Tan²,

Ho³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The evolutionary conservation of the NF-B transcription factors, from Drosophila to humans, underscores its pivotal role in immune response. Unexpectedly, the canonical NF-B signaling pathway is not functional in the immune system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Therefore, the ancient origin of the NF-B signaling pathway is still unknown. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of a primitive and functional NF-B͞I B pathway in the immune defense of a ''living fossil,'' the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. The ancient NF-B͞I B homologues, CrNF B, CrRelish, and CrI B, share numerous signature motifs with their vertebrate orthologues. CrNF B recognizes both horseshoe crab and mammalian B response elements. CrI B interacts with CrNF B and inhibits its nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity. The activation of the CrNF B is autoregulated by a feedback mechanism mediated by CrI B, the natural inhibitor of CrNF B. We further show that Gram-negative bacteria infection causes rapid degradation of CrI B and nuclear translocation of CrNF B. Infection also leads to an increase in the B-binding activity and up-regulation of immune-related gene expression, like inducible nitric oxide synthase and Factor C, an LPS-activated serine protease. Altogether, our study shows that, although absent in C. elegans, the NF-B͞I B signaling cascade remains well conserved from horseshoe crab to humans, playing an archaic but fundamental role in regulating the expression of critical immune defense molecules.conservation and coevolution ͉ horseshoe crab ͉ infection and immune response ͉ transcriptional control T he family of NF-B transcription factors plays an indispensable role in immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, development, and differentiation (1, 2). NF-B dimers are held in an inactive cytoplasmic complex with a family of inhibitory proteins, the I Bs. Degradation of I Bs permits nuclear translocation of NF-B, where they stimulate the transcription of various immune-related genes (1). In Drosophila melanogaster, NF-B homologues (Dorsal, Dif, and Relish) are responsible for regulating several biological roles, including humoral immunity and development (3, 4). These important and diverse functions make NF-B one of the best-studied transcriptional factors in biology (2). Unexpectedly, in Caenorhabditis elegans, the NF-B protein is absent, and similar functional homologues (Toll, Traf, Cactus) are not involved in innate immune response (5). This led to the suggestion that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which mediates the immune response in C. elegans, is the ancestral signaling pathway of the common ancestor of nematodes, arthropods, and vertebrates, predating the evolution of the NF-B immune signaling pathway (6). Thus, the ancient origin of the NF-B signaling pathway is still a conundrum, and it remains unclear whether the similarities between Drosophila and the human NF-B pathway have resulted from convergent evolution or reflect common ancestral pathways. Therefore, additional information on ...

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REL1, a Homologue of Drosophila Dorsal, Regulates Toll Antifungal Immune Pathway in the Female Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Abstract: Signaling by

Cited by 113 publications

References 40 publications

Immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Correlation of Differential Expression of Silkworm Antimicrobial Peptide Genes with Different Amounts of Rel Family Proteins and Their Gene Transcriptional Activity

Evidence for the ancient origin of the NF-κB/IκB cascade: Its archaic role in pathogen infection and immunity

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